Chapter 1 Introduction 001 1.1Statement of the Problem 008 1.2Purpose of the Study 008 1.3Significance of the Study 009 1.4Research Questions 010 1.5Assumptions 011 1.6Definition of Terms 011 1.7Delimitations 012 1.8Limitations 013 Chapter 2 Review of the Literature 015 2.1Global Education Initiatives 017 2.2Implementation of Global Education 024 2.3People with Global Perspectives 038 2.4Curriculum and Instruction 061 2.5Language Education 089 Chapter 3 Methodology 119 3.1Research Questions 121 The Assessment and Development of Global-Mindedness and Intercultural Competence 3.2Hypotheses 122 3.3Population of the Research Study and the Sample 123 3.4Protection of the Subjects 123 3.5Research Instruments 124 3.6Participant Demographics 126 3.7Data Collection and Analysis Methods 126 Chapter 4 Data Manipulation and Analysis 131 4.1Demographic Analysis for the Sample 133 4.2Data Manipulation 135 4.3Tests of Hypotheses 138 Chapter 5 Discussion and Recommendations 167 5.1Findings and Implications 169 5.2Recommendations for Future Research 180 References 182 Appendices 198 Appendix A Global-Mindedness Scale (GMS) 198 Appendix B The Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) 201 Appendix C Demographic Questionnaire 203 Appendix D Letter of Request 204 Appendix E IRB Letter of Approval 208 Appendix F Teaching Journals 209 List of Tables Table 1 Frequencies for Demographic Variables (N = 184) 134 Table 2 Latent Variables of the GMS and the CQS and Associated Survey Item Numbers (N = 184) 136 Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for 11 Summed Variables (N = 184) 138 Table 4 Descriptive Statistics for the Mean Scores on the Five Latent Variables of GMS Between Two Groups (N = 184) 140 Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for the Mean Scores on the Four Latent Variables of CQS Between Two Groups (N = 184) 143 Table 6 Descriptions of Independent Variables Predicting the Overall GMS Scores (N = 183) 152 Table 7 Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting the Overall GMS Scores (N = 183) 152 Table 8 Descriptions of Independent Variables Predicting the Overall CQS Scores (N = 184) 161 Table 9 Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting the Overall CQS Scores (N = 184) 162 List of Figures Figure 1 Circle of research field of global education 017 Figure 2 Intercultural competence in global and multicultural education 037 Figure 3 Scatterplot of frequency of interaction with people of diverse backgrounds with overall GMS scores 145 Figure 4 Scatterplot of gender with overall GMS scores 147 Figure 5 Scatterplot of perceived competence in non-native language or culture with overall GMS scores 147 Figure 6 Scatterplot of teaching experience with overall GMS scores 148 Figure 7 Histograms of normally distributed residuals in Question 3 150 Figure 8 Normal P-P plots of normal distributed residuals in Question 3 150 Figure 9 Plots of standardized residuals against standardized predicted values in Question 3 151 Figure 10 Scatterplot of frequency of interaction with people of diverse backgrounds with overall CQS scores 155 Figure 11 Scatterplot of gender with overall CQS scores 156 Figure 12 Scatterplot of perceived competence in non-native language or culture with overall CQS scores 157 Figure 13 Scatterplot of teaching experience with overall CQS scores 157 Figure 14 Histograms of normally distributed residuals in Question 4 159 Figure 15 Normal P-P plots of normal distributed residuals in Question 4 160 List of Figures Figure 16 Plots of standardized residuals against standardized predicted values in Question 4 160 Figure 17 Scatterplot of scores on the overall GMS with overall CQS 164 Figure 18 Histogram of overall GMS scores 164 Figure 19 Histogram of overall CQS scores