Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction to Chemistry 11.2 Measurement and SI Units 31.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements 41.4 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 61.5 Ways of Expressing Concentration 121.6 Vapor Pressure of a Solution 191.7 Boiling Point Elevation 221.8 Freezing Point Depression 241.9 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions 28Summary 35Essay��The Human Genome Project 36Problems 36Chapter 2 Electrolyte Solutions 392.1 Br��nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory 392.2 Solving Problems Involving Acid-Base Equilibrium 44Summary 55Essay��Aspirin and Digestion 56Problems 57Chapter 3 Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds 583.1 The Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) 583.2 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate��Qsp vs. Ksp 623.3 Applications of Solubility—Tooth Decay and Fluoridation 66Summary 67Essay��Aspirin Solubility - Enhanceing Formulations 67Problems 68Chapter 4 Buffer Solutions 704.1 Composition and Action of Buffer Solutions 704.2 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation 714.3 Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range 744.4 The Preparation of Buffer Solutions 764.5 Buffer’s Action in Human Blood 78Summary 79Essay��Acidosis and Alkalosis 80Problems 81Chapter 5 Colloids 835.1 Colloid and Its Basic Behaviors 835.2 Sol 875.3 Surface Active Agent and Emulsions 96Summary 98Essay��Colloids in Water Purification 100Problems 101Chapter 6 Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics 1036.1 Some Basic Definitions 1036.2 The Law of Energy Conservation 1076.3 Spontaneous Change��Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy 114Summary 124Essay��The Universal Role of ATP 126Problems 126Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium 1287.1 Relating to the Equilibrium Constant 1287.2 The Reaction Quotient, the Equilibrium Constant and the Reaction Direction�� Comparing Q and 1307.3 Expressing Equilibria with Pressure Units��Relation Between Kc and Kp 1317.4 Altering Equilibrium Conditions��Le Chatelier’s Principle 132Summary 136Essay��Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ��TCA�� 136Problems 138Chapter 8 Kinetics��Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions 1408.1 Expression of the Reaction Rate 1408.2 Reaction Mechanisms��Steps in the Overall Reaction 1438.3 Integrated Rate Laws��Concentration Changes Over Time 1478.4 Collision and Transition State Theories 1518.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 1558.6 Catalysis��Speeding Up a Chemical Reaction 157Summary 159Essay��Protease Inhibitor and AIDS 161Problems 161Chapter 9 Electrochemistry��Chemical Change and Electrical Work 1649.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 1649.2 Voltaic Cells��Using Spontaneous Reactions to Generate Electric Energy 1689.3 Cell Electromotive Force (emf) and Free Energy 1779.4 Concentration Effects on Cell Potential and the Nernst Equation 181Summary 186Essay��Heartbeats and Electrocardiography 187Problems 189Chapter 10 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 19110.1 Structure of the Hydrogen Atom 19110.2 Quantum Numbers of an Atomic Orbital 19710.3 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 20110.4 Trends in Some Key Periodic Atomic Properties 213Summary 215Essay��Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 216Problems 217Chapter 11 Molecular Structure 21911.1 The Covalent Bond Model 21911.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 22611.3 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape 23111.4 Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory 23611.5 Intermolecular Forces 237Summary 243Essay��Molecular Shape, Biological Receptors, and the Sense of Smell 244Problems 245Chapter 12 Coordination Complexes 24712.1 Basic Concepts of Complexes 24712.2 Theoretical Basis for the Bonding and Properties of Complexes 25312.3 Equilibrium Involving Complex Ions 25712.4 Chelates and Living Ligands 262Summary 265Essay��The Cooperative Release of Oxygen from Oxyhemoglobin 266Problems 267Chapter 13 Titrimetric Methods of Analysis 26913.1 Overview of Titrimetry 26913.2 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 27113.3 Titrations Based on Acid-Base Reactions 27613.4 Titrations Based on Redox Reactions 28713.5 Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions 29113.6 Precipitation Titrations 294Summary 297Essay��Analytical Chemistry and Public Perceptions of Toxicity 297Problems 299Chapter 14 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry 30114.1 Absorption Spectrum 30114.2 Quantitative Calculations 30314.3 Visible Spectrophotometry 30614.4 Methods to Improve Sensitivity and Accuracy 309Summary 312Essay��Clinical Applications of Ultraviolet-Visible Molecular Absorption 313Problems 314Chapter 15 Introduction to Modern Instrumental Analysis 31615.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 31715.2 Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy 32015.3 Chromatography 325Summary 331Essay��Applications of Gas Chromatography 332Problems 332Appendix 334Appendix A Units of Measurement 334Appendix B Some Physical and Chemical Constants 336Appendix C Equilibrium Constants 337Appendix D Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances at 298.15 K 342Appendix E Standard Reduction Potentials, �� , at 298.15 K 344Appendix F Greece Alphabet 345References 346