ContentsChapter 1 Overview of Spectral Techniques 11.1 The Origin of Spectral Techniques 11.1.1 Spectrum and Spectroscopy 11.1.2 The History of Spectral Techniques 11.2 The Development of Spectroscopy Instruments 31.2.1 The Development of Spectroscopic Theory 31.2.2 The Advent of the Laser 41.2.3 Development of Spectrometers 51.3 Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Spectrum 51.3.1 Atomic Energy Level 51.3.2 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 61.3.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrum 81.4 Molecular Spectrum 91.4.1 Molecular Vibrational Energy Levels and Corresponding Spectral Techniques 101.4.2 Molecular Electrons Moving Energy Levels and Corresponding Spectral Techniques 11References 12Chapter 2 Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 152.1 Birth and Development of LIBS 152.2 Fundamentals of LIBS 172.2.1 Laser-induced Plasma 172.2.2 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium 182.2.3 Plasma Temperature and Electron Number Density 192.2.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 202.3 Instrumentation for LIBS 212.3.1 LIBS Experimental Setup 212.3.2 Online/In Situ LIBS Instruments 222.3.3 Signal Enhancement for LIBS 232.4 LIBS Applications 252.4.1 Environmental Monitoring 252.4.2 Coal Analysis 272.4.3 Biomedicine 292.4.4 Agriculture and Food Safety 312.4.5 Space Exploration 322.4.6 Ocean Exploration 34References 35Chapter 3 Raman Spectroscopy Technology 413.1 Birth and Development of Raman Spectroscopy 413.1.1 The Great Founder 413.1.2 The Birth of Raman Spectroscopy Technology 413.1.3 The Development of Raman Spectroscopy Technology 423.2 Principle of Inelastic Scattering 423.2.1 Nonconservation of the Kinetic Energy of Particles 423.2.2 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering 433.2.3 Raman Scattering and Rayleigh Scattering 433.2.4 Stokes and Anti-Stokes Lines 463.3 Experimental Systems for Raman Spectroscopy 503.3.1 The Source and Splitting of the Light 503.3.2 Collection and Monitoring 533.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 543.4.1 Defects of Ordinary Raman Spectroscopy 543.4.2 Principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 553.5 Important Applications of Raman Spectroscopy 563.5.1 Spectral Fingerprint 563.5.2 Real-time Detection of Liquid Phase Raman Spectroscopy Experiment 593.5.3 Configuration Analysis of Raman 62References 64Chapter 4 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 684.1 Development of DOAS 684.1.1 Development of DO AS Abroad 684.1.2 Domestic DOAS Development 694.1.3 Opportunities and Challenges 704.2 Principle of DOAS 714.2.1 Lambert-Beer��s Law 714.2.2 Advantages of DOAS 724.3 Experimental System of DOAS 734.3.1 Active DOAS System 734.3.2 Passive DOAS System (MAX-DOAS) 744.4 DOAS for Multi-platform 754.4.1 D OAS for the Ground Platform 754.4.2 DOAS for Mobile Platforms 764.4.3 Multi-platform Joint Application 774.5 Important Applications of DOAS 774.5.1 The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) 774.5.2 Gaofen-5 Satellite and Atmospheric Pollution Component Inversion Method 784.5.3 Determination of Plume from the Pollution Source 784.5.4 Planar Array Measurements of Volcanic Plumes 794.5.5 Comprehensive Stereoscopic Observation Network 80References 81Chapter 5 Infrared Spectroscopy 865.1 Background Introduction of Infrared Spectroscopy 865.1.1 Infrared Radiation 865.1.2 IR Region 875.1.3 Development of IR Spectroscopy 875.2 Principle of IR Spectroscopy 875.2.1 Principle and Characteristics of IR Spectroscopy 875.2.2 Infrared Spectrometer 885.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 895.3.1 Introduction to FTIR 895.3.2 Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy 895.4 Application of IR Spectroscopy 905.4.1 IR Spectroscopy and Environmental Monitoring 905.4.2 IR Spectroscopy and Food Detection 935.4.3 IR Spectroscopy and Microbiological Analyses 955.4.4 IR Spectroscopy and Agriculture 975.4.5 IR Spectroscopy and Forensic Analysis 100References 104Chapter 6 Laser-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1076.1 Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1076.1.1 The History of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1076.1.2 Characteristics of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1086.1.3 Traditional Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Laser-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1106.2 The Technical Basis of Laser-induced Fluorescence 1116.2.1 The Principle of Laser-induced Fluorescence 1116.2.2 Affected Factors of Fluorescence 1136.2.3 The Development of LIF Technology 1146.3 Experimental System of LIF Spectroscopy 1156.3.1 Excitation Light Sources 1156.3.2 Detector 1166.4 Important Applications of LIF 1176.4.1 On-line Detection of Carbon Isotopes Based on LIF Spectroscopy of CN Radicals 1176.4.2 Applications of LIF in Soils and Sediments 12