Contents
Contents�߷����������AChapter 1Introduction1
1 1The importance of polymer science and engineering1
1 2The task of polymer physics1
1 2 1The main task of polymer physics1
1 2 2Main contents and the requirements of the course2
1 3The definition and the chemical nature of polymers2
1 3 1Introduction2
1 3 2The classification of polymers4
1 3 3Classical polymerization processes7
1 3 4Newer polymers and polymerization processes11
1 4A brief history of the development of polymer science and synthetic polymers12
1 4 1Development of polymer science12
1 4 2Development of synthetic polymers16
1 5Properties and applications of polymers20
1 6Polymer processing22
1 6 1Introduction22
1 6 2Additives and composites22
1 6 3Polymer processing23
Questions25
Reference25
Chapter 2Molecular sizes—the molecular mass and distribution27
2 1Introduction27
2 2Statistical significance of polymer molecular mass28
2 3Characterization methods of polymer molecular mass28
2 4Characterization method of the molecular mass distribution30
2 5Determination of molar masses and distributions33
2 5 1End��group Analysis35
2 5 2Osmotic Pressure 36
2 5 3Light Scattering 38
2 5 4Flight Time 46
2 5 5Viscometry 51
2 6Determination Methods of Molecular Mass Distribution54
2 6 1Phase Separation and Fractionation 54
2 6 2Gel Permeation Chromatography 55
Questions59
Reference61
Chapter 3The chain structure of polymers65
3 1Introduction65
3 2Construction66
3 3Configuration68
3 3 1Bonding methods of monomer68
3 3 2Branching70
3 3 3Cross��linking 71
3 3 4Sequential structure of copolymer 72
3 3 5Configuration isomerism of polymer chains 74
3 4Conformation77
3 4 1Size and shape of polymer chain78
3 4 2The shapes of polymer molecules79
3 4 3The internal rotational conformation and flexibility of a polymer chain83
3 4 4The single freely jointed chain90
3 4 5More realistic chains��the excluded volume effect92
3 4 6Characteristics of polymer chain flexibility94
3 4 7Wormlike chains95
Questions96
Reference97
Chapter 4The condensed structure of polymers98
4 1Introduction98
4 2Forces between polymer molecules99
4 2 1Van der Waals force and hydrogen bond99
4 2 2Cohesive energy and cohesive energy density101
4 3The structure model of amorphous polymer102
4 3 1Three structural models of amorphous state102
4 3 2The macro��conformations of polymers103
4 3 3Lamellar stacks104
4 4Crystalline state of polymers105
4 4 1Crystal morphology of crystalline polymers 105
4 4 2Crystallization process of polymer117
4 4 3Structural model of crystalline polymers126
4 5Crystallinity129
4 5 1Definition of crystallinity129
4 5 2Experimental determination of crystallinity130
4 5 3Factors influencing crystallinity133
4 5 4The effect of crystallinity on polymer properties138
4 6Melting and melting point of crystalline polymers142
4 6 1Melting thermodynamic analysis of crystalline polymers142
4 6 2Melting characteristics of crystalline polymers142
4 6 3Influencing factors of polymer melting point144
4 7Orientation state of polymer153
4 7 1Orientation phenomenon of polymer153
4 7 2Orientation mechanism155
4 7 3Degree of orientation and its testing methods156
4 7 4Applications of orientation156
4 8Liquid crystal state of polymer159
4 8 1The structure of polymer liquid crystal159
4 8 2Characteristics of polymer liquid crystals161
4 8 3Application of polymer liquid crystal163
Questions164
Reference165
Chapter 5Polymer solution167
5 1Introduction167
5 2Polymer dissolution process and solvent selection168
5 2 1Characteristics of polymer dissolution processes170
5 2 2Thermodynamic explanation of polymer dissolution process172
5 2 3Selection of polymer solvent176
5 3Flory��Huggins polymer solution theory178
5 3 1Mixing entropy��ΔSm)179
5 3 2Heat of mixing181
5 3 3Chemical potential of polymer solution183
5 4Ideal solution of polymer184
5 5Non��ideal behavior theory of polymer solutions186
5 5 1Flory��Krigbaum dilute solution theory186
5 5 2Flory��Rehner solution theory189
5 5 3Van′t Hoff dilution theories190
5 6Phase equilibrium and phase separation of polymer solutions191
5 7Scaling concept and scaling law of polymers194
5 8Semi��dilute polymer solutions195
5 8 1The dilute to semi��dilute transition196
5 8 2The size of a polymer chain in a semi��dilute solution197
5 8 3A series drop model of semi��dilute solution197
5 8 4Osmotic pressure of a semi��dilute solution198
5 9The influence of temperature and concentration on the size of polymeric
chains in a solution200
5 10Polymer gels200
5 11Polyelectrolyte solution201
5 12Diffusion of polymers in solution203
5 13Viscous motion of flexible polymers in dilute solution205
Questions210
Reference211
Chapter 6Polymer blends212
6 1Introduction212
6 1 1Polymer blends and its category212
6 1 2Types of polymer blends and expression of blends composition212
6 1 3Advantages of polymer blending 213
6 2Preparation methods of polymer blends215
6 3Thermodynamic basis of polymer blends216
6 4Compatibility and compatibilization of polymer blends218
6 4 1Fundamental concept of polymer compatibility218
6 4 2Compatibility prediction219
6 4 3Research methods of compatibility220
6 4 4Methods to enhance compatibility224
6 5Morphology of polymer blends225
6 5 1Types of morphology in polymer blends225
6 5 2Factors influencing the phase morphology of polymer blends231
6 6Phase interfaces of blends234
6 6 1Factors related to polymer surface tension234
6 6 2Interfacial tension of polymer��polymer two��phase system236
6 6 3Interface layer and interface action237
6 7Performance of polymer blend systems240
6 7 1Factors affecting blend performance241
6 7 2General relationship between the properties of polymer blends and their components242
6 7 3Mechanical properties of polymer blends248
6 7 4Rheological properties of polymer blends248
6 7 5Glass transition of polymer blend systems251
Questions255
Reference256
Chapter 7Motion of polymer molecules257
7 1Introduction257
7 2Characteristics of thermal motion of polymer molecules257
7 3Polymer molecular motion and mechanical state260
7 3 1Mechanical state transition of amorphous polymers260
7 3 2Secondary relaxation transition263
7 4The glass transition of polymers263
7 4 1Evidence of the glass transition in polymers263
7 4 2The theory of glass transition in polymers265
7 4 3Measurement of Tg269
7 4 4Factors affecting the Tg273
7 5Viscous flow284
7 5 1The movement of chains during polymer viscosity flow284
7 5 2The snake��like motion of polymer chains and the pipe model in viscoelastic flow285
7 5 3Factors of influence on viscosity flow temperature287
7 5 4Factors affecting the viscosity of polymer melt292
Questions297
Reference299
Chapter 8Mechanical properties of polymers��Part I��Tensile��Yield��
Break and Strength300
8 1Introduction300
8 2Basic physical quantities and mechanical performance parameters301
8 3Tensile behavior of polymers309
8 3 1Stress��strain curves of glassy state polymers313
8 3 2The stress��strain curve of crystalline and semi��crystalline polymers316
8 3 3Tensile behavior of hard��elastic polymers 317
8 3 4Plastic��rubber transition by strain319
8 4Yield of polymers321
8 5Fracture theory and theoretical strength of polymers322
8 5 1Fracture theory322
8 5 2Theoretical strength of polymers327
8 6Factors that influence the actual strength of polymers329
8 6 1Effects of structural factors of polymers329
8 6 2Effects of crystallization and orientation330
8 6 3Effects of stress concentration331
8 6 4Effects of plasticizers333
8 6 5Effects of fillers333
8 6 6Effects of copolymerization and blending337
8 6 7The influence of external force acting speed and temperature338
Questions339
Reference341
Chapter 9Mechanical properties of polymers��Part ��High elasticity and
viscoelasticity342
9 1Introduction342
9 2Physical properties of hyperelastic polymers343
9 2 1The phenomenology of rubber elasticity343
9 2 2Characteristics of hyperelasticity349
9 2 3The thermodynamic analysis of rubber elasticity354
9 2 4The statistical theory of rubber elasticity355
9 3Swelling of cross��linked networks and the ultimate properties of rubber365
9 4Mechanical relaxation of polymers��viscoelasticity366
9 4 1Mechanical relaxation phenomenon of polymers366
9 4 2Mechanical models of viscoelasticity369
9 5The relationship between viscoelasticity and time��temperature��time
equivalence principle374
9 6Boltzmann superposition principle376
9 7Experimental methods for studying viscoelastic behaviour378
9 7 1Transient measurements378
9 7 2Dynamic measurements��the complex modulus and compliance379
9 7 3Dynamic measurements��examples380
9 8Relaxation transformation and molecular mechanism of polymers387
Questions394
Reference397
Chapter 10Other properties of polymers398
10 1Introduction398
10 2Electrical properties of polymers398
10 2 1Dielectric properties of polymers398
10 2 2Polymer conductivity409
10 2 3Electrostatic phenomena in polymers410
10 2 4Other electrical properties of polymers411
10 3Optical properties of polymers412
10 4Permeability of polymers413
10 4 1Definition413
10 4 2Gas permeation theory413
10 4 3Major factors affecting gas permeability414
10 5Surface and interface properties of polymers415
10 5 1The bonding properties of the interface416
10 5 2Performance of Polymer Adhesives417
10 5 3Surface modification417
10 6Thermal Performance418
10 6 1Thermal resistance performance418
10 6 2Thermal decomposition of polymers422
10 6 3Thermal conductivity of polymer425
10 6 4Thermal expansion property425
10 6 5Specific heat��heat capacity)427
10 7Biocompatibility of polymer materials427
10 7 1Special requirements for bone cement427
10 7 2Polymeric materials for blood contact428
Questions429
Reference429
Chapter 11Analyzing and characterizing methods of polymers432
11 1Introduction432
11 2Infrared and Raman spectroscopy432
11 2 1Infrared Spectroscopy 432
11 2 2Laser Raman spectroscopy 435
11 3Mass spectrometry437
11 3 1The basic principle of mass spectrometry 437
11 3 2The application of mass spectrometry438
11 4Nuclear magnetic resonance method439
11 4 1Chemical shift440
11 4 2Fourier transform nuclear magnetic technology 442
11 4 3Spin��spin coupling��dipole decoupling and cross polarization442
11 4 4Magic Angle Spinning443
11 4 5Application of NMR in the study of polymer chain structure444
11 4 6Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopic imaging technology 445
11 5Small��angle laser scattering method446
11 5 1The principle of measuring spherulite size by small angle laser scattering method 446
11 5 2Study on phase separation process by small angle laser scattering method448
11 6Dynamic light scattering method449
11 6 1Data processing of dynamic light scattering 452
11 6 2Application of dynamic light scattering 453
11 7X��ray diffraction and small angle X��ray scattering454
11 7 1X��ray diffraction study of crystal structure 454
11 7 2X��ray small angle scattering method 457
11 8Small angle neutron scattering method460
11 9Laser confocal microscope463
11 10Electron microscope464
11 10 1The construction principle of transmission electron microscope 464
11 10 2Experimental method of transmission electron microscope 465
11 10 3The application of transmission electron microscopy 467
11 10 4Scanning electron microscope468
11 11Atomic force microscope��AFM)471
11 11 1The working principle and device composition of AFM471
11 11 2Working mode of AFM 473
11 11 3Application of AFM475
11 12Thermal analysis of polymers��DSC and DTA476
11 13Thermal stability analysis of polymer479
Questions480
Reference481