PART I. GRECO-ROMAN HISTORIOGRAPHY §1. Theocratic History and Myth 14 §2. The Creation of Scientific History by Herodotus 17 §3. Anti-historical Tendency of Greek Thought 20 §4. Greek Conception of History’s Nature and Value 21 §5. Greek Historical Method and its Limitations 25 §6. Herodotus and Thucydides 28 §7. The Hellenistic Period 31 §8. Polybius 33 §9. Livy and Tacitus 36 §10. Character of Greco-Roman Historiography: (i) Humanism 40 §11. (ii) Substantialism 42 PART II. THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY §1. The Leaven of Christian Ideas 46 §2. Characteristics of Christian Historiography 49 §3. Medieval Historiography 52 §4. The Renaissance Historians 57 §5. Descartes 59 §6. Cartesian Historiography 61 §7. Anti-Cartesianism: (i) Vico 63 §8. (ii) Locke, Berkeley, and Hume 71 §9. The Enlightenment 76 §10. The Science of Human Nature 81 PART III. THE THRESHOLD OF SCIENTIFIC HISTORY §1. Romanticism 86 §2. Herder 88 §3. Kant 93 §4. Schiller 104 §5. Fichte 106 §6. Schelling 111 §7. Hegel 113 §8. Hegel and Marx 122 §9. Positivism 126 PART IV. SCIENTIFIC HISTORY §1. England 134 I. Bradley 134 II. Bradley’s Successors 142 III. Late Nineteenth-century Historiography 143 IV. Bury 147 V. Oakeshott 151 VI. Toynbee 159 §2. Germany 165 I. Windelband 165 II. Rickert 168 III. Simmel 170 IV. Dilthey 171 V. Meyer 176 VI. Spengler 181 §3. France 183 I. Ravaisson’s Spiritualism 183 II. Lachelier’s Idealism 185 III. Bergson’s Evolutionism 187 IV. Modern French Historiography 189 §4. Italy 190 I. Croce’s Essay of 1893 190 II. Croce’s Second Position: the Logic 194 III. History and Philosophy 196 IV. History and Nature 197 V. Croce’s Final Position: the Autonomy of History PART V. EPILEGOMENA §1. Human Nature and Human History [1936] 205 §2. The Historical Imagination [1935] 231 §3. Historical Evidence [1939] 249 §4. History as Re-enactment of Past Experience [1936] 282 §5. The Subject-matter of History [1936] 302 §6. History and Freedom [1939] 315 §7. Progress as created by Historical Thinking [1936] 321