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����It has long been one dream of mankind to repair or reconstruct the defective tissues/organs by using biomedical implants�� which have similar shape�� structure and function to the natural tissues/organs. As the world's most populous country�� China has entered the aging society since the end of the 20th century�� and is expected to supplant Japan as the world's most aging country in 2030. The aged is a highrisk and vulnerable population of serious diseases and accidental injuries because of the decline of physiological function�� weak control over environment and the phenomenon of "empty nest". As a result�� trssue/organ defects are growing rapidly and there has been an ever-increasing demand for biomedical implants. In order to repair the defective tissues/organs�� a biomedical implant should not only mimic the material characteristics and gradient structure of the defective sites�� but also have sufficient mechanical properties to support cells and withstand complex stresses inthe physiological environment. Meanwhile�� the implant should possess controllable degradation rate and favorable osteoinductivity. These complex structures�� harsh performance and individual differences put forward great challenges for the fabrication methods of biomedical implants. So far�� biomedical implants are fabricated mainly by forging�� casting and machining�� which requires not only complex molds but also high cost for single-piece production. More importantly�� traditional fabrication methods are difficult to obtain the gradient structure and performance of implants. Therefore�� it has become a huge challenge to manufacture personalized biomedical implants for the repair and regeneration of defective tissues/organs.