Ŀ䛅����� ǰ��1 Fossil Fuels 11.1 Overview of Fossil Fuels 11.2 Coal 21.2.1 Coal Type 21.2.2 The Formation of Coal 31.2.3 Coal Mining 41.2.4 The Chemistry of Coal 51.2.5 The History of the Use of Coal 91.2.6 The Utilization of Coal 101.3 Petroleum 111.3.1 The Formation of Petroleum 111.3.2 The Obtaining of Petroleum 121.3.3 The Chemistry of Petroleum 131.3.4 The History of the Use of Petroleum 141.3.5 The Refinement of Petroleum 151.4 Natural Gas 171.4.1 The Origin of Natural Gas 171.4.2 The Distribution of Natural Gas 181.4.3 The Chemistry of Natural Gas 181.4.4 The History of the Use of Natural Gas 191.4.5 The Utilization of Natural Gas 20 Vocabulary 21 References 212 Solar Energy 232.1 Introduction of Solar Energy 232.2 Solar Radiation 232.3 Solar Energy Conversion 242.3.1 Fuel 25 2.3.2 Heat 262.3.3 Electricity 262.4 Photovoltaic Cells 27 Vocabulary 29 References 303 Wind Energy 313.1 Introduction of Wind Energy 313.2 History of Wind Energy 313.2.1 A Brief History of Windmills 323.2.2 Early Wind Generation of Electricity 323.2.3 The Resurgence of Wind Energy 333.2.4 Technological Underpinnings of Modern Wind Turbines 333.3 Assessment of Wind Energy Resources 333.4 Environmental Performance of Wind Energy 343.5 Current Status 35 Vocabulary 36 References 364 Hydrogen Energy 384.1 Introduction of Hydrogen Energy 384.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Energy 384.3 Hydrogen Production 394.3.1 Thermal Processes 394.3.2 Electrolytic and Photolytic Processes 414.3.3 Biological Processes 424.4 Hydrogen Storage Technologies 434.4.1 Chemical Storage 434.4.2 Physisorption 454.5 Applications of Hydrogen 484.5.1 Industry Applications 484.5.2 Fuel Cells 484.6 Safe Use of Hydrogen 49 Vocabulary 50 References 505 Hydropower 525.1 Introduction of Hydropower 525.1.1 History 525.1.2 Modern Usage 535.2 Hydroelectricity 535.2.1 Generating Methods 545.2.2 Future Potential 565.2.3 Sizes and Capacities of Hydroelectric Facilities 565.2.4 Properties 595.2.5 Comparison and Interactions with Other Methods of Power Generation 625.2.6 Reducing the Risk 635.2.7 World Hydroelectric Capacity 645.3 Ocean Power 655.3.1 Marine Current Power 655.3.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 665.3.3 Concerns 685.3.4 Prospect 685.3.5 Related Activities 685.4 The Future of Hydropower 72 Vocabulary 73 References 736 Nuclear Energy 746.1 Introduction of Nuclear Energy 746.2 History of Nuclear Energy 756.3 Nuclear Fission 766.3.1 The Process of Nuclear Fission 776.3.2 The Energy Released in Nuclear Fission 776.4 Nuclear Power Plants 776.4.1 Development History 786.4.2 Working Principle 796.4.3 Current Status 806.4.4 Risks and Challenges 816.5 Nuclear Fusion 836.5.1 The Process of Nuclear Fusion 836.5.2 The Energy Released in Nuclear Fusion 846.5.3 Controlled Nuclear Fusion 84 Vocabulary 85 References 867 Biomass Energy 877.1 Introduction of Biomass Energy 877.2 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies 887.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion 887.2.2 Biochemical Conversion 897.3 Positive Aspects of Biomass 907.3.1 Merits of Biomass over Fossil Fuels 907.3.2 Benefits of Biowaste 917.3.3 Biomass Conversion Emission 917.3.4 Dry Wood Biomass 927.3.5 Benefits of Agricultural Plantations 937.4 Barriers to Biomass Energy Technologies 947.5 Future Research Directions 94 Vocabulary 95 References 958 Geothermal Energy 988.1 Introduction of Geothermal Energy 988.2 Extraction of Geothermal Energy 998.3 Uses of Geothermal Energy 998.3.1 Some Direct Uses 998.3.2 Geothermal Heat Pumps 1008.3.3 Electricity Generation 1008.4 A Brief History of Geothermal EnergyUse 1018.5 Geothermal Energy and the Environment 1038.5.1 Air Pollution 1038.5.2 Water Pollution 1048.5.3 Land Subsidence 1058.5.4 Induced Seismicity 1058.5.5 Noise 1058.6 The Future of Geothermal Energy 105 Vocabulary 106 References 107