Unit 1 Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication Warm-up 1.1 Culture 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Defining Culture 1.1.3 Characteristics of Culture 1.1.4 Conclusion 1.2 Communication 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Defining Communication and Its Characteristics 1.2.3 Relationship Between Communication and Culture 1.3 Intercultural Communication 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Defining Intercultural Communication 1.3.3 Elements of Intercultural Communication 1.3.4 Challenges of Studying Intercultural Communication Exercises Further Reading Understanding Intercultural Competence How Do Intercultural Relationships Work Unit 2 Cultural Differences and Worldview Warm-up 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Cultural Diversity 2.3 Cultural Differences 2.4 Worldview 2.4.1 Worldview and Religion 2.4.2 Similarities and Differences Among Religions Exercises Further Reading Worldview and Culture (Africana Studies) Unit 3 Cultural Values Warm-up 3.1 Introduction to Cultural Values 3.2 Hofstede's Value Dimensions 3.2.1 Power Distance 3.2.2 Individualism Versus Collectivism 3.2.3 Uncertainty Avoidance 3.2.4 Masculinity-Femininity 3.2.5 Long- and Short-Term Orientation 3.2.6 Indulgence Versus Restraint 3.3 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations 3.3.1 Human Nature Orientation 3.3.2 Person Nature Orientation 3.3.3 Time Orientation 3.3.4 Activity Orientation 3.3.5 Relational (Social) Orientation 3.4 Hall's High-Context and Low-Context Orientation 3.4.1 High-Context 3.4.2 Low-Context