CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Shale gas 1
1.2 Hydraulic fracturing 2
1.3 Impact the surrounding environment 7
1.3.1 Water Contamination Pathways 11
1.3.2 Wastewater Chemical Composition 13 CHAPTER 2 MATHMATIC MODELS 16
2.1 Dynamic Transport Model 16
2.1.1 Convection Advective f lux 17
2.1.2 Dispersive f lux 17
2.1.3 Diffusive f lux 18
2.1.4 Hydrodynamic Dispersion 19
2.1.5 Sorption/Retention 19
2.2 Contaminant transport model in vadose area 20
2.2.1 Vertical Transport Model 20
2.2.2 Concentration Predictive Model 21
2.2.3 Cumulative Mass Predictive Model 23
2.3 Monte-Carlo Method 24 CHAPTER 3 MODEL APPLICATION 25
3.1 Predicting Organic Compounds Concentration in flowback Water 25
3.1.1 Marcellus region introduce 25
3.1.2 Hydraulic Fracturing Model 28
3.1.3 Results Discussion 45
3.1.4 Conclusions 47
3.2 Determining VOCs Concentrations in Flowback and Produced Waters Storage Tanks/Pits 48
3.2.1 Temporal evolution of Flowback water volumes 49
3.2.2 Temporal evolution of concentrations of VOCs in storage tanks 52
3.2.3 Conclusions 56
3.3 Analysis of Vertical Transportation Mechanism of VOCs from Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater 56
3.3.1 Vadose zone transportation model 58
3.3.2 Cumulative Mass Percentage Estimation 61
3.3.3 Predicted Value of Total Concentration in Vadose Zone 65
3.3.4 Conclusions 70 CHAPTER 4 SUBSTANCE MIGRATION BEHAVIOR FROM FLOWBACK WATER IN SHALE FORMATION 72
4.1 A review of prediction methods for oilfield produced water scaling 72
4.1.1 Experimental 73
4.1.2 The harm of scaling 74
4.1.3 Scaling prediction of oilfield produced water 74
4.1.4 Conclusions 77
4.2 Co-Deposition Mechanisms of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate Scale in Produced Water 77
4.2.1 Background 78
4.2.2 Methods and Materials 80
4.2.3 Results and Discussion 82
4.2.4 Conclusions 91
4.3 Effects of Influencing Factors on a Lab-Scale Device for Dynamic Scaling Mitigation 91
4.3.1 Experiments 92
4.3.2 Results and Discussion 94
4.3.3 Conclusions 100
4.4 Mixed scaling control technology of produced water in different layers of the Dingbian oil production plant 101
4.4.1 Materials and Methods 102
4.4.2 Results and discussion 103
4.4.3 Conclusions 107
4.5 Kinetic analysis applied to ferrous ions with hydrogen peroxide in acidified hydraulic fracturing reflux fluid model containing representative organic additives 108
4.5.1 Materials and methods 110
4.5.2 Results and discussion 113
4.5.3 Conclusions 126
4.6 Re-injection feasibility study of fracturing flow-back fluid in shale gas mining 126
4.6.1 Experimental 127
4.6.2 Results and discussion 128
4.6.3 Conclusions 131 References 132