Synthesis and recommendations 84 Chapter 1 Introduction: The necessity of nuclear power in the future energy mix and challenges to overcome 89 Chapter 2 History, current situation, problems and challenges of nuclear development 93 Chapter 3 The feaility and challenge for near and mid-term deployment of Gen-�� nuclear power plants 98 Chapter 4 Promises and challenges of new and innovative future reactor designs (Gen-F reactors) 103 4.1 Present situation 104 4.2 Major expected change 104 4.3 Promises of Gen-IV SFR and VHTR 106 Appendix A 108 A.1 Gen-initiatives in France 108 A.2 Gen-IV initiatives in China 111 Chapter 5 Promises and challenges of new innovative reactor concepts and technologies: Small modular reactors and advanced technologies 114 5.1 Small modular reactors 115 5.1.1 Research and development background 115 5.1.2 Renewed interest 115 5.1.3 SMR challenges and solution SMR 118 5.2 Innovative technologies to be implemented in large reactors 118 Chapter 6 Radioactive waste management status and outlook for the future 121 6.1 Fuel cycle strategy and RW characteristics 122 6.2 Progress on RW management 123 Appendix B 125 Chapter 7 Technical support organisations related to safety 132 Chapter 8 Challenges for the future, including digitalisation and novel design methodologies 137 Chapter 9 Importance of nuclear research facilities and infrastructures 142 Chapter 10 Challenges for education and training 146 Chapter 11 Engineering and managing nuclear projects 152 Appendix C Main risks of nuclear power project construction 155 Chapter 12 Assuring safety while keeping costs and complexity under control 157 Chapter 13 Pertinence of international approaches to supporting the preparation of projects in emeiging countries 161 Chapter 14 Human health assessment over fifty years of nuclear power activities 167 14.1 Radiation exposure from normal operations 168 14.2 Casualties and health effects evaluation of accidents at NPPs 169 Appendix D Dose levels and health effects of radiation exposure 172 Chapter 15 Risk perception relative to real hazard 174 15.1 Analysis of risk perception regarding nuclear energy from the perspective of psychology 176 15.2 Analysis of risk perception regarding nuclear energy from the perspective of sociology 177 15.3 Analysis of risk perception regarding nuclear energy from the perspective of communication 178 15.4 The problems��challenges and difficulties of nuclear risk perception 179 Chapter 16 Improvement of public awareness and governance requirement 181 Chapter 17 Organisation, methodologies and roles of the different stakeholders to improve public understanding 186 Glossary 190 Postscript 193