List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1 An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Purpose and Significance of the Study 1.4 Organization of the Book Chapter 2 Theoretical Background of Measurement N0ninvariance 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Concept of MI in LVM 2.3 Levels of MI 2.4 Violations of MI 2.5 Methods of Detecting Measurement Noninvariance 2.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 Detection of Measurement Noninvarianee in a Simulated Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Simulation Design 3.3 Data Generation 3.4 Data Analysis Procedure 3.5 Evaluation Criteria 3.6 Results of the Simulation Study 3.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 4 Detection of Measurement Noninvariance in an Empirical Study 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Empirical Dataset 4.3 Data Analysis Procedure 4.4 The Choice of an RI for the FR Method 4.5 Results of the Empirical Study 4.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Findings 5.3 Comments on the Performances of the Three Methods 5.4 Implications and Recommendations 5.5 Limitations Appendix A Technical Details for the B-H Method Appendix B Technical Details for the AM Method References Postscript