Chapter 1 Project Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Arrangement and Comprehensive Integration of This MRP 1.1.2 Interdisciplinary Cooperation 1.2 Research Overview 1.2.1 Overall Scientific Objectives 1.2.2 Key Scientific Issues 1.3 Significant Progress Chapter 2 Domestic and Foreign Research 2.1 Introduction of Epigenetic Research Plans 2.2 Status Quo of the Epigenetic Research 2.3 Development Trends of the Epigenetic Research 2.3.1 Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression 2.3.2 Discovery, Identification, and Function Studies of New Epigenetic Modifications, Modifying Enzymes, and Reader Proteins 2.3.3 Mechanisms of Establishment and Maintenance of Epigenetic Information 2.3.4 Epigenetic Regulation on Reproduction and Development 2.3.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation on Cell Programming and Reprogramming 2.3.6 Higher-Order Chromatin Structures and Subnuclear Structures 2.3.7 Origins and Evolution of Epigenetic Regulatory Networks 2.3.8 Cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Other Major Diseases Related to Epigenetic Regulation Chapter 3 Major Research Achievements 3.1 New Epigenetic Regulators and Chromatin Remodeling Factors as Well as Their Biological Functions and Mechanisms 3.1.1 New Mechanisms of Interactive Regulation Between DNA Methylation and Histone Methylation Modifications 3.1.2 New Regulation Mechanisms of DNA Methylase and Demethylase Activities 3.1.3 New Histone Modification Codes and the Interpretation Mechanisms 3.1.4 Higher-Order Structure of 30-nm Chromatin Fibers and Their Dynamic Regulation Mechanisms 3.1.5 Mechanisms of Centromeric Chromatin Establishment and Nucleosome Assembly 3.1.6 Roles of Histone Variants in Chromatin Assembly 3.1.7 New Interaction Patterns Between Epigenetic Regulation and DNA Damage Repair 3.2 Discovery of Epigenetic Regulation Mechanisms for Stem Cell Self-renewal and Somatic Cell Reprogramming, and Breakthroughs in Animal Cloning and Reproductive Technologies 3.2.1 Establishment of ESCs and Semi Cloning Technologies to Make Artificial Spermatids 3.2.2 First Utilization of the Polar Body Genome Transfer for Preventing the Transmission of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases 3.2.3 The Seesaw Model of Lineage Specifiers Inducing Somatic Cells to iPSC 3.2.4 Safety Evaluation of Traditional Methods of iPSC Induction by Yamanaka Factors 3.2.5 Exploration of the Regulation Mechanisms of Somatic Cell Reprogramming and Discovery of New Regulators 3.2.6 Discovery of New Signals for Maintaining Stem Cell Self-renewal and Developmental Pluripotency 3.3 Epigenetic Mechanisms Related to Cell Differentiation and Transdifferentiation, Ontogeny, and Diseases 3.3.1 Discovery of the Key Factors to Promote the Transdifferentiation of Somatic Cells to Hepatocytes 3.3.2 Discovery of the Epigenetic Mechanisms and Cell Signaling Pathways Inducing the Differentiation and Transdifferentiation from Embryonic Stem Cells or Somatic Cells to Neurons 3.3.3 Discovery of Important Disease-Related Epigenetic Modifications 3.4 Establishment of Epigenetic Maps to Reveal the Characteristics and Rules of Epigenetic Modifications during the Embryonic Development 3.4.1 Discovery of Distribution and Change Rules of Genome-Wide Histone Modifications in Pre-implantation Embryos 3.4.2 Establishment of Single-Cell Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis Tools 3.4.3 Establishment of Genome-Wide Methylation Profiles to Reveal the Inheritance and Evolution Rules of Epigenetic Modifications Chapter 4 Outlook 4.1 Directions to be Strengthened in China's Epigenetic Research 4.2 Strategic Needs of the Epigenetic Research in China 4.3 Conceptions and Suggestions for Further Research References