Part I Theory of Errors and Data Processing Methods 1 Measurement and Error 2 Estimation of Measurement Error and Expression of the Result 3 Error Estimation for Direct Measurement 4 Error Estimation for Indirect Measurement 5 Significant Figures and Their Calculations 6 Commonly Used Data Processing Methods 7 Questions Part II Fundamental and Comprehensive Experiments Exp. 1 Forward Characteristics of pn Junction Diode 1.1 Objective 1.2 Apparatus 1.3 Principle 1.3.1 pn junction 1.3.2 Forward characteristics of a pn junction 1.3.3 Temperature characteristics of a pn junction 1.3.4 Methods for deducing empirical function and calculating parameters of the temperature sensor 1.4 Apparatus depiction 1.5 Procedure 1.6 Data processing 1.6.1 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1 1.6.2 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1 1.7 Attentions 1.8 Questions Exp. 2 Magnetoresistance Effect 2.1 Objective 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Principle 2.4 Apparatus depiction 2.5 Procedure 2.6 Data processing 2.7 Attentions 2.8 Questions Exp. 3 Study of Forced Oscillations with Pohl Resonator 3.1 Objective 3.2 Apparatus 3.3 Principle 3.4 Apparatus depiction 3.5 Procedure 3.5.1 Free oscillations 3.5.2 Damped oscillations 3.5.3 Forced oscillations 3.6 Data processing 3.7 Attentions 3.8 Questions Exp. 4 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of a Rubber Disk by Steady-State Method 4.1 Objective 4.2 Apparatus 4.3 Principle 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity 4.3.2 Thermal conductivities of different substances 4.3.3 Principle of thermocouples 4.3.4 Principle of TC-3A thermal conductivity measurement instrument 4.4 Procedure 4.4.1 Preparation 4.4.2 Record the thermal equilibrium temperatures and 4.4.3 Measure the cooling temperature versus time for the lower brass disk 4.5 Data processing 4.6 Attentions 4.7 Questions Exp. 5 Usage of an Oscilloscope 5.1 Objective 5.2 Apparatus 5.3 Principle 5.3.1 Main structure of an oscilloscope 5.3.2 Operation principle of an oscilloscope 5.3.3 Measurement of the amplitude and period (or frequency) of a periodic voltage 5.3.4 Lissajous figures 5.4 Procedure 5.4.1 Observation of sinusoidal voltage signals 5.4.2 Observe the waveform of signals from the rectifying and filtering circuit 5.4.3 Observe Lissajous figures 5.5 Attentions 5.6 Questions Exp. 6 Measurement of Magnetic Field Based on Hall Effect 6.1 Objective 6.2 Apparatus 6.3 Principle 6.3.1 Hall effect and the measurement of magnetic induction intensity 6.3.2 Elimination of side effects 6.3.3 Theoretical basis of magnetic field generation by electrified solenoids and Helmholtz coils 6.4 Apparatus depiction 6.5 Procedure 6.6 Data processing 6.7 Questions Exp. 7 Determination of Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies 7.1 Objective 7.2 Apparatus 7.3 Principle 7.3.1 Apparatus depiction 7.3.2 Principle for measuring the moment of inertia 7.3.3 Parallel-axis theorem 7.4 Procedure 7.4.1 Preparation 7.4.2 Measure the moment of inertia J0 of the empty rotational system 7.4.3 Measure the moment of inertia of the rotational system with an aluminum ring 7.4.4 Validation of the parallel-axis theorem 7.5 Data processing 7.5.1 Calculation of the moment of inertia of the aluminum ring 7.5.2 Verification of the parallel-axis theorem 7.6 Attentions 7.7 Questions Exp. 8 Standing Wave on a String 8.1 Objective 8.2 Apparatus 8.3 Principle 8.3.1 Mathematical analysis of standing wave on a string 8.3.2 Principle of the instrument for string vibration 8.3.3 Application in musical instruments 8.4 Procedure 8.4.1 Preparation 8.4.2 Measure the resonant frequencies with 2 antinodes between two wedges 8.4.3 Measure the resonant frequencies with 3 antinodes between two wedges 8.5 Data processing 8.6 Attentions 8.7 Questions Exp. 9 Diffraction Grating 9.1 Objective 9.2 Apparatus 9.3 Principle 9.3.1 Grating equation 9.3.2 Two important parameters 9.4 Procedure 9.4.1 Adjustment of spectrometer 9.4.2 Adjustment of the orientation of grating 9.4.3 Measure the grating constant 9.4.4 Measure the wavelength of blue spectral lines 9.5 Data processing 9.6 Attentions 9.7 Questions Appendix: spectrometer alignment procedure ���� Part III Designing and Creative Experiments