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許淵沖譯唐詩三百首:漢文·英語
中國英語學習者復合詞加工研究 版權信息
- ISBN：9787552033755
- 條形碼：9787552033755 ; 978-7-5520-3375-5
- 裝幀：一般膠版紙
- 冊數：暫無
- 重量：暫無
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中國英語學習者復合詞加工研究 內容簡介
本書以中國英語學習者為研究對象, 探討其復合詞加工, 尤其是二語復合詞加工的情況。本書所涉研究包含一個詞匯判斷實驗和兩個跨語言詞素啟動實驗, 不僅探討了語義透明度因素對加工的影響, 其跨語言視角還提供了對“詞匯性效應”和“不對稱啟動效應”進行檢驗的機會。研究結果表明: 母語在中國英語學習者對英語復合詞的加工中起重要作用 ; 詞素分解是英語復合詞加工中不可避免的過程, 然而整詞加工通道也可能同時存在 ; 由于母語和二語在詞匯層面的并存, 雙語心理詞庫中的復合詞表征模式不同于單語心理詞庫, 母語不可避免地介入二語詞匯的提取和加工過程。
中國英語學習者復合詞加工研究 目錄
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction/1
1.1 Context of the Study/1
1.2 Research Questions and Relevant Concepts/3
1.3 Significance of the Study/7
1.4 Organization of the Book/9
Chapter 2 Theoretical Background: Compounding Morphology and Approaches to Processing Morphologically Complex Words/12
2.1 The Linguistic Description of Compound Words/12
2.2 Compound Words in Chinese/21
2.3 Theoretical Background of the Research on Morphologically Complex Words/24
2.4 Summary/31
Chapter 3 Literature Review: Compound Word Processing as a Research Domain/33
3.1 The Processing of L1 Compound Words/34
3.2 The Processing of Chinese Compound Words/47
3.3 The Processing of L2 Compound Words/52
3.4 The Present Study/60
3.5 Summary/65
Chapter 4 Experiment 1: Lexical Decision on English Compound Words by Chinese EFL Learners/68
4.1 Hypotheses/68
4.2 Method/69
4.3 Results/80
4.4 Discussion/83
4.5 Summary/87
Chapter 5 Experiments 2 & 3: Cross-language Priming in Compound Word Processing by Chinese EFL Learners/88
5.1 Hypotheses/89
5.2 Method/91
5.3 Results/103
5.4 Discussion/113
5.5 Summary/118
Chapter 6 General Discussion/120
6.1 Morphological Decomposition in L1 and L2 Compound Processing/120
6.2 Cross-language Activation in L2 Compound Processing/125
6.3 The Time Course of L2 Morphological Processing/133
6.4 Semantic Transparency in L1 and L2 Compound Processing/135
6.5 Summary/137
Chapter 7 Conclusion/139
7.1 Overall Summary of the Findings/140
7.2 Implications/142
7.3 Limitations and Future Research Directions/145
Bibliography/148
Abbreviations/164
Appendices/165
Appendix I: Familiarity Rating/165
Appendix II: Semantic Transparency Rating (English)/170
Appendix III: Semantic Transparency Rating (Chinese)/173
Appendix IV: Morpheme Translation (English to Chinese)/177
Appendix V: Morpheme Translation (Chinese to English)/179
Appendix VI: Critical Test Items and Rating Results in Experiment 1 /181
Appendix VII: Primes and Targets in Experiment 2/182
Appendix VIII: Primes and Targets in Experiment 3/183
List of Tables
Table 4.1 English Compound Words Rated as Transparent and Opaque in Experiment 1/73
Table 4.2 Critical Items of Experiment 1/76
Table 4.3 Average Level of Familiarity and Transparency for 4 Conditions in Experiment 1/77
Table 4.4 Mean ARs (SDs) and RTs (SDs) in 4 Conditions in Experiment 1 (by Subjects)/81
Table 4.5 Mean ARs (SDs) and RTs (SDs) in 4 Conditions in Experiment 1 (by Items)/81
Table 5.1 Sample Items of Experiments 2 and 3/93
Table 5.2 Critical Items (Targets) of Experiment 3/98
Table 5.3 Means of Frequency Rankings, Number of Strokes and Transparency for Target Items in Experiment 3/99
Table 5.4 Means of Frequency Rankings/Frequency and Number of Strokes/Letters for Primes in Experiments 2 & 3/99
Table 5.5 Mean ARs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2/104
Table 5.6 Mean RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2 (by Subjects)/107
Table 5.7 Means RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 2 (by Items)/108
Table 5.8 Mean ARs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3/111
Table 5.9 Mean RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3 (by Subjects)/112
Table 5.10 Means RTs (SDs) and Priming Effects in Experiment 3(by Items)/112
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 The Representation of Compound Words in the Decomposition (a), Fulllisting (b), and Dual-route (c) Models/26
Figure 2.2 The Processing of Morphologically Complex Words in the Early Decomposition (a), Full-listing (b), Parallel Dual-route(MRM) (c) and AAM (d) Models/28
Figure 3.1 The Representation of Transparent and Opaque Compound Words at Three Levels (Adapted from Libben, 1998)/45
Figure 3.2 The Bilingual Lexicon in Word Association Model (a), Concept Mediation Model (b), and Revised Hierarchical Model (c) (Cheng et al., 2011)/54
Figure 5.1 Sequence of a Trial in Experiment 2/102
Figure 5.2 Sequence of a Trial in Experiment 3/103
Figure 5.3 Accuracy Rates through the Course of Processing in Experiment 2/105
Figure 5.4 Response Time in the Transparent (Left) and Opaque (Right) Conditions through the Course of Processing in Experiment 2/109
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中國英語學習者復合詞加工研究 節選
In the present study, three online experiments were conducted to examine the way Chinese EFL learners process compound words, the influence of L1(Chinese) on the processing of L2 (English) compound words, and the cross language activation of constituent morphemes in the processing of L1 and L2 compound words in Chinese EFL learners. The general research questions are how Chinese EFL learners process compound words, especially English compound words, and in particular, whether they decompose English compound words into their individual constituent morphemes, and whether there is cross language activation in both L1 and L2 compound processing. The specific research questions guiding the present study are as follows: When Chinese EFL learners process English compound words, is their performance affected by the lexical status (lexicality) of the translated compound words in Chinese (the combination of the Chinese translation equivalents of the constituents)? Lexicality effect is the effect found in L2 compound word processing when the lexical status of the translated compound in L1 affects the processing of an L2 compound word (Cheng et al., 2011; Ko et al., 2011). It is hypothesized that the processing of the L2 compound word will be facilitated if the translated compound is a real word in L1, and inhibited if the translated compound is a nonword (does not exist) in L2. For example, the processing of words like toothbrush and hotdog should be easier than that of fireman and deadline since in Chinese there exist 牙刷 [ya2shua1] and 熱狗 [re4gou3], but *火人and *死線 are nonexistent. This is highly likely when we think of the common conception that an L2 word is difficult to process and acquire if it lacks an equivalent in L1. The lexicality effect is regarded as evidence that there is activation of L1 in the processing of L2 compound words, and it also in a way proves the existence of compound decomposition in L2 processing. Does semantic transparency of the English compound words affect Chinese EFL learners’ processing of English compound words? If so, how does semantic transparency interact with the lexicality of the translated compound words in Chinese? Semantic transparency refers to the consistency between the meaning of the whole compound and the meanings of its constituent morphemes. If the meanings are consistent, the compound is labeled as transparent, and conversely, the compound is said to be opaque if the meaning of the whole compound is inconsistent with (cannot be predicted from) the meanings of its constituent morphemes. Thus, toothbrush (a brush used for teeth) and 輪椅 ([lun2yi3] a chair with wheels, with the first character meaning “wheel” and the second meaning “chair”) are transparent compound words in English and Chinese respectively, whereas deadline (a time before which a task must be finished) and 吹牛 ([chui1niu2] meaning “brag” or “talk big”, with the first character meaning “blow” and the second meaning “cow”) are opaque ones in the two languages. (The topic of semantic transparency will be further elaborated in the following chapter) Semantic transparency effect refers to the effect found in compound processing when the processing of transparent compounds is faster and more accurate than that of opaque compounds. As mentioned in the previous section, semantic transparency has been assumed and proved to play an important role in L1 compound processing (e.g., Libben et al., 2003; Sandra, 1990; Zwitserlood, 1994). However, it remains controversial whether this effect also holds for L2 compound processing (e.g., Chen et al., 2009; Gan & Zhang, 2013). Does the constituent morpheme in L1/L2 facilitate the processing of a compound word in L2/L1? Specifically, this question can be further developed into two separate questions: (1) Is the Chinese translation equivalent of the second constituent of an English compound word able to prime that English compound word? In other words, does the L1 activation during the processing of L2 compound words happen on the morpheme level? (2) Is the English translation equivalent of the second constituent of a Chinese compound word able to prime that Chinese compound word? In other words, is there L2 activation on the morpheme level during the processing of L1 compound words? Constituent priming in the processing of compound words is a type of repetition priming, or partial repetition priming (the types of priming will be further elaborated in Chapter 3). It refers to the practice of using one constituent (the first or the second) of the compound word to prime that compound word. The cross-language priming paradigm employed in the present study, however, also takes on the property of semantic priming, since the prime word is semantically related to the target word in that it is the translation equivalent of a constituent of the target compound. The crosslanguage constituent priming effect, if found, could provide evidence for both morpheme-level activation and cross-language activation. If both L1-L2 priming and L2-L1 priming take place, how different is the magnitude of priming effect between the L1-L2 direction and the L2-L1 direction? The so-called priming asymmetry in cross-language priming, which predicts that the priming from L1 to L2 is much stronger than that from L2 to L1, is an intriguing hypothesis and has found evidence in previous studies of processing monomorphemic words (Jiang & Forster, 2001). It is hypothesized that the magnitude of priming effect should be different between L1-L2 priming and L2-L1 priming. Since the prime could provide even less information in the constituent translation priming paradigm used in the present study, compared with the priming paradigm in processing simple words when the prime is the translation of the target, we have a reason to suspect that the L2-L1 priming is still less likely to occur. In cross-language constituent priming (both L1-L2 and L2-L1), is the priming effect (if any) influenced by the semantic transparency of the target compound words? This research question is different from the second one though both of them focus on the same variable—semantic transparency. Unlike research question two which deals with the semantic transparency effect in processing L2 compound words, this one specifically concerns the semantic transparency effect in cross-language constituent priming, indicating an opportunity to investigate the interaction between crosslanguage activation and transparency effect. Furthermore, the transparency effect in processing Chinese compound words by Chinese EFL learners will also be tested. In cross-language constituent priming (both L1-L2 and L2-L1), do prime durations influence the magnitude of priming effect? If so, how does the influence differ between the L1-L2 direction and the L2-L1 direction? Prime duration is the time period from the beginning of the prime until the disappearance of that prime. In the present study prime duration is the same as SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony, the time period from the beginning of the prime until the beginning of the target). Sometimes SOA can be longer than prime duration when there is a blank or another stimulus (or multiple stimuli) after the disappearance of the prime. Both prime duration and SOA are the variables frequently adopted to explore the time course of processing, which is of interest because it is generally believed that different information of the word is processed at different time points in the course of processing.
中國英語學習者復合詞加工研究 作者簡介
華東理工大學外國語學院副教授，上海交通大學文學博士（外國語言學與應用語言學專業二語習得方向），美國堪薩斯大學語言學系訪問學者。曾在《外語界》《當代外語研究》《外語測試與教學》等期刊發表科研和教研論文數篇，主持或參與過數項市級和校級教研、科研項目。
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