Contents

�� �x ���Q�� iii
Abbreviations xv
Series Editors’ note xviii
Acknowledgements xxiii

1��Introduction 1
2��Test-taker characteristics 20
3��Cognitive validity 39
4��Context validity 73
5��Scoring validity 164
6��Consequential validity 252
7��Criterion-related validity 265
8��Conclusions and recommendations 279

Appendices 298
Appendix A:��Sample Writing tasks from Main Suite examinations 298
Appendix B:��Candidate Information Sheet 312
Appendix C:��Revised method of assessment for IELTS Writing 314
Appendix D:�� Current Cambridge ESOL rating procedures and
marking models 315
Appendix E:�� Standard procedures for the production of
Writing examination materials 325
Appendix F:�� Minimum Professional Requirements for
examiners of ESOL Writing tests 331
Appendix G:�� Computer-based (CB) exam versions: Issues and
directions 336
Appendix H:�� Electronic Script Management in Cambridge ESOL:
Issues and directions 343
References 360
Subject index 383