Contents1 Optimization Problems and Algorithms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Optimization Problems 21.2.1 Continuous Optimization Problems 21.2.2 Combinatorial Optimization Problems 51.3 Exact Optimization Algorithms 71.3.1 Gradient-Based Algorithms 71.3.2 Linear Programming Algorithm 81.3.3 Branch-and-Bound 91.3.4 Dynamic Programming 111.4 Heuristic Optimization Algorithms 121.4.1 Genetic Algorithms 121.4.2 Simulated Annealing 141.4.3 Ant Colony Optimization 161.4.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 171.4.5 Differential Evolution 181.4.6 Harmony Search 191.4.7 Fireworks Algorithm 211.4.8 Water Wave Optimization 221.5 Summary 24References 242 Biogeography-Based Optimization 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Background of Biogeography 272.3 The Basic Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm 322.3.1 The Migration Operator 322.3.2 The Mutation Operator 332.3.3 The Algorithmic Framework 342.3.4 Comparison with Some Classical Heuristics 352.4 Recent Advances of Biogeography-Based Optimization 362.4.1 Improved Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithms 362.4.2 Adaption of BBO for Constrained Optimization 402.4.3 Adaption of BBO for Multi-objective Optimization 432.4.4 Adaption of BBO for Combinatorial Optimization 452.5 Summary 47References 473 Localized Biogeography-Based Optimization: Enhanced by Local Topologies 513.1 Introduction 513.2 Population Topology 513.2.1 Global Topology 513.2.2 Local Topologies 533.2.3 Research of Heuristic Algorithms with Local Topologies 563.3 Localized Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithms 573.3.1 Local-BBO with the Ring Topology 573.3.2 Local-BBO with the Square Topology 583.3.3 Local-BBO with the Random Topology 583.4 Computational Experiments 613.5 Summary 66References 664 Ecogeography-Based Optimization: Enhanced by Ecogeographic Barriers and Differentiations 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Background of Ecogeography 694.3 The Ecogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm 714.3.1 Local Migration and Global Migration 714.3.2 Migration Based on Maturity 724.3.3 The Algorithmic Framework of EBO 724.4 Computational Experiments 734.4.1 Experimental Settings 734.4.2 Impact of the Immaturity Index �� 744.4.3 Comparison of the 10-D Functions 744.4.4 Comparison of the 30-D Functions 784.4.5 Comparison of the 50-D Functions 834.4.6 Discussion 834.5 Summary 86References .875 Hybrid Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithms 895.1 Introduction 895.2 Hybridization with Differential Evolution 895.2.1 The DE/BBO Algorithm 895.2.2 Local-DE/BBO 915.2.3 Self-adaptive DE/BBO 975.3 Hybridization with Harmony Search 1045.3.1 Biogeographic Harmony Search 1045.3.2 Computational Experiments 1055.4 Hybridization with Fireworks Algorithm 1095.4.1 A Hybrid BBO and FWA Algorithm 1095.4.2 Computational Experiments 1105.5 Summary 114References 1146 Application of Biogeography-Based Optimization in Transportation 1176.1 Introduction 1176.2 BBO for General Transportation Planning 1176.2.1 A General Transportation Planning Problem 1176.2.2 BBO Algorithms for the Problem 1196.2.3 Computational Experiments 1196.3 BBO for Emergency Transportation Planning 1236.3.1 An Emergency Transportation Planning Problem 1236.3.2 A BBO Algorithm for the Problem 1246.3.3 Computational Experiments 1256.4 BBO for Emergency Railway Wagon Scheduling 1276.4.1 An Emergency Railway Wagon Scheduling Problem 1286.4.2 A Hybrid BBO/DE Algorithm for the Problem 1316.4.3 Computational Experiments 1346.5 BBO for Emergency Air Transportation 1376.5.1 An Emergency Air Transportation Problem 1376.5.2 BHS and EBO Algorithms for the Problem 1396.5.3 Computational Experiments 1396.6 Summary 140References 1417 Application of Biogeography-Based Optimization in Job Scheduling 1437.1 Introduction 1437.2 BBO for Flow-Shop Scheduling 1437.2.1 Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem 1437.2.2 A BBO Algorithm for FSP 1467.2.3 Computational Experiments 1477.3 BBO for Job-Shop Scheduling 1497.3.1 Job-Shop Scheduling Problem 1497.3.2 An Enhanced BBO Algorithm for the Problem 1517.3.3 Computational Experiments 1537.4 BBO for Maintenance Job Assignment and Scheduling 1567.4.1 A Maintenance Job Assignment and Scheduling Problem 1567.4.2 A Multi-objective BBO Algorithm for the Problem 1587.4.3 Computational Experiments 1607.5 BBO for University Course Timetabling 1637.5.1 A University Course Timetabling Problem 1637.5.2 A Discrete EBO Algorithm for UCTP 1667.5.3 Computational Experiments 1697.6 Summary 173References 1738 Application of Biogeography-Based Optimization in Image Processing 1778.1 Introduction 1778.2 BBO for