Preface Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Evolutionary History and Adaptations of Colobine Monkey 1.1.1 Evolutionary history of colobine monkeys 1.1.2 Adaptations of colobine monkeys 1.2 Classification of Asian Colobines l.2.1 Brief review 1.2.2 Classification of Asian langur species 1.2.3 Classification of the francoisi group 1.3 Distribution of Asian Colobines 1.3.1 Brief review 1.3.2 Distribution of Trachypithecus species 1.3.3 Distribution of the limestone langurs 1.3.4 Distribution of T.francoisi 1.4 Ecological Studies of Trachypithecus Species 1.4.1 Ecological studies of the T.vetulus group 1.4.2 Ecological studies of the T.cristatus group 1.4.3 Ecological studies of the T.obscurus group 1.4.4 Ecological studies of the T.pileatus group 1.4.5 Ecological studies of the T.francoisi group 1.5 Studies on Primate Behavioural Constraints 1.6 Conservation Issues 1.6.1 Brief review 1.6.2 Conservation of ��limestone langurs�� 1.7 Purpose of This book Chapter Two Study Area and Methods 2.1 Location of MNR and Human Pressure 2.1.1 MNR in general 2.1.2 Main study area 2.2 Climate and Vegetation Characteristic at MNR 2.2.1 Climate Characteristic 2.2.2 Vegetation 2.3 The Study Langur Groups 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Climate 2.4.2 Methods on Vegetation and phenology 2.4.3 Methods on behavioral data 2.4.4 Ranging behavior 2.4.5 Data On local communitv Chapter Three Climatic��Phenological Patterns��and Conservation 3.1 Climate and Seasonality 3.1.1 Temperature 3.1.2 Rainfall 3.2 Plant Species Richness and V.egetation Composition 3.2.1 Species richness in the main study area 3.2.2 Comparison between LYY and XGB 3.3 Phenology of Food Species 3.3.1 Food species 3.3.2 Phenological pattern 3.4 Human Pressure in the Main Study Area 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Species richness and dominance 3.5.2 Seasonal Variations of climate and phenological pattern 3.5.3 Human disturbance and its consequence for the langurs 3.6 Summary Chapter Four Feeding Ecology 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Method Review 4.2.1 Data recording in the field 4.2.2 Data analysis 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Food species 4.3.2 Food items 4.3.3 Habitat effects on diet 4.3.4 Crop raiding 4.3.5 Rock lapping 4.3.6 Water drinking 4.4 Discussion 4.5 Summarv Chapter Five Range Use and Territoriality 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Review of field processes 5.3 Results 5.3.1 DTD 5.312 Home range 5.3.3 Range overlop and territoriality 5.3.4 Group leadership 5.3.5 Choice of sleeping site 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Daily travel distance 5.4.2 Range size 5.4.3 Range overlap & territoriality 5.4.4 Group leading 5.4.5 Choice of sleeping site 5.5 Summarv Chapter Six Activity Pattern and Time Budget 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods 6.2.1 Techniques review 6.2.2 Field procedure 6.2.3 Data pool and analysis 6.3 Results 6.3.1 Daily activity pattern 6.3.2 General time budget pattern and seasonal change 6.3.3 Habitat effects on time budget 6.3.4 Sex-age class differences 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Daily activity pattern 6.4.2 General time budget pattem and seasonal change 6.4.3 Habitat effect on time budget 6.4.4 Sex-age class differences 6.5 Summary Chapter Seven Group Structure and Social Behavior 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Social organization 7.1.2 Dispersal 7.1.3 Group size 7.1.4 Sexual behavior, birth season and birth interval 7.1.5 Group takeover and infanticide 7.1.6 Social behavior 7.2 Methods 7.3 Results 7.3.1 Dynamic of target groups 7.3.2 Social structure and individual dispersal 7.3.3 Sexual behavior and birth 7.3.4 Group takeover and infanticide 7.3.5 Social behaviors 7.4 Discussion 7.4.1 Social stmcture and individual dispersal 7.4.2 Sexual behavior, breeding season and birth interval 7.4.3 Group takeover and infanticide 7.4.4 Social behavior 7.5 Summary Chapter Eight Infant Behavioral Development and Pelage Coloration Change 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Dependent to independent feeding 8.1.2 Dependent to independent locomotion 8.1.3 Mother-infant physical proximity to socialization & allomothering 8.1.4 Coloration of natal pelage 8.2 Methods 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Dependent to independent feeding 8.3.2 Dependent to independent locomotion 8.3.3 Mother-infant physical proximity to socialization & allomothering 8.3.4 Coloration of natal pelage 8.4 Discussion 8.4.1 Dependent to independent feeding 8.4.2 Dependent to independent locomotion 8.4.3 Mother-infant physical proximity to socialization & allomothering 8.4.4 Coloration of natal pelage 8.5 Summary Chapter Nine Conclusions 9.1 Socioecology of Francois'Langur at MNR 9.1.1 Climatic and Phenology 9.1.2 Feeding ecology 9.1.3 Ranging behavior 9.1.4 Daytime activity time budget 9.1.5 Group structure and social behavior 9.2 Behavioral Flexibility in Response to Different Habitats 9.3 Infant Behavioral Development and Color Change of Natal Coat 9.3.1 Infant behavioral development 9.3.2 Color change of natal pelage 9.4 Threats to the Langurs at MNR and Conservation Recommendation 9.5 Final Conclusions 9.5.1 How does the food availability change throughout the year? 9.5.2 How does crop-raiding influence the langur? 9.5.3 Which area of MNR contains most langurs and what are the habitat characteristics of this area? 9.5.4 How does the social organization and behavior respond to ecological variables? 9.5.5 How does habitat destruction ifluence the survival of Francois'langur? References Appendix �� List of woody plant species in the main study area at MNR Appendix �� Transect sampling record in the main study area Appendix �� Overall feeding records of food species at Mayanghe (Listed according to Hutchinson's System) Appendix �� Food species (as families) contribution to feeding record Appendix �� Comparison of relative utilization intensity and annual feeding percentage of 74 common food species between LYY and XGB (Unit��%) Appendix �� Comparison of feeding record seasonality of 74 common food species between LYY and XGB* (Unit��%) Appendix �� Comparison of feeding item seasonality of 74 common food species between LYY and XGB Plates