Part I Structuralism
Chapter 1 Saussure; Father of Modern Linguistics
1��1 Ferdinand de Saussure
1��2 Nature of the linguistic sign
1��3 The relational nature of language units
1��4 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
1��5 Langue and parole
1��6 Synchronic and diachronic studies
1��7 Sauss ure's influence
Chapter 2 American Structuralism
2��1 Early period�� Boas and Sapir
2��1��1 Franz Boas
2��1��2 Edward Sapir
2��1��3 I��inguistic relativity
2��1��4 Linguistic relativity and cognitive linguistics
2��2 Leonard Bloomfield
2��2��1 Bloomfield the man
2��2��2 Bloomfield and behaviorism
2��2��3 Bloomfield and his Language
2��2��4 Structuralism and language teaching
2��3 Conclusion

Part II Functionalism
Chapter 3 The Prague School
3��1 Historical background
3��2 Theories of language
3��3 Phonology and phonological opposition
3��4 Distinctive Features
3��5 Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)
Chapter 4 The London School
4��1 Malinowski's theories
4��2 Firth'stheories
4��3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar
4��3��1 Halliday's philosophy of language
4��3��2 Systemic grammar
4��3��3 Functionalgrammar
4��3��4 Halliday and sociolinguistics

Part III Generativism
Chapter 5 Transformational-Generative Grammar
5��1 Chomsky's philosophy oflanguage
5��1��1 Background
5��1��2 What is language?
5��1��3 Thelnnateness Hypothesis
5��1��4 Universal grammar and particular grammar
5��1��5 What is a generative grammar?
5��2 Stages of development of TG Grammar
5��2��1 The Classical Theory
5��2��2 The Standard Theory
5��2��3 The Extended Standard Theory
5��2��4 Later Theories
5��3 A comparison between TG Grammar and structural grammar
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Part IV Cognitivism