Unit 1��Chemical Basic Knowledge Chapter 1��Atoms and Molecules 1. Elements and compounds 2. Chemical reactions and physical changes 3. Atoms and molecules Chapter 2��Organic Compounds 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Kinds of organic compounds 3. The saturated hydrocarbons, or Alkanes 4. Structure Unit 2��Biochemistry Chapter 1��Chemical Elements of Life 1. The origin of life 2. The chemical elements of life Chapter 2 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein 1. Many important macromolecules are polymers 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Protein 5. Nucleic acid Chapter 3��Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis pathway in many organisms 2. The citric acid cycle Chapter 4��Diabetes and Human Health 1. What is diabetes mellitus? 2. What causes diabetes? 3. Diabetes diagnosis 4. Regulation of glucose transporter translocator in health and diabetes Unit 3��Microbiology Chapter 1��Introduction of Microbiology 1. The discovery of microorganisms 2. The relationship between microorganisms and diseases 3. The development of techniques for studying microbial pathogens 4. Members of the microbial world Chapter 2��Microorganism and Culture Media 1. The common nutrient requirements 2. Nutritional types of microorganisms 3. Uptake of nutrients by the cell 4. Culture media Chapter 3��Microbial Growth 1. The Growth curve 2. The Continuous culture of microorganismsChapter 4 Recent Developments in the Production of Valuable Microbial Products Unit 4��Fermentation Engineering Chapter 1��Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology 1. The nature of fermentation 2. Chemical and biological engineering Chapter 2��Strain Screen 1. Selection and screening 2. Mutagenesis Chapter 3��Fermentation Medium 1. Fermentation medium 2. Growth medium Chapter 4��Fermentation Engineering 1. Fermenters 2. Other fermenter design and ancillary equipment Chapter 5��Production of Antibiotics 1. Antibiotics 2. Penicillins Unit 5��Enzyme Chapter 1��The Biological Catalysts of Life 1. Introduction 2. Classi.cation and nomenclature of enzyme3. Enzyme applications Chapter 2��Enzyme Production 1. Summary 2. Enzyme sources 3. Strain development 4. Growth requirements of microorganisms 5. Fermentation 6. Regulations during enzyme production Chapter 3��Immobilized Enzyme Technology 1. Immobilization techniques 2. Bene.ts and characteristics Unit 6��Production of Dosage Forms Chapter 1��Introduction to Drugs 1. What is a drug? 2. Drug bioavailability Chapter 2��Oral Preparation 1. Dosage forms application 2. Absorption Chapter 3��Parenteral Administration 1. Introduction 2. Routes of parenteral administration 3. The preparation of parenteral products Chapter 4��Drug for External Use 1. Epicutaneous route 2. Ocular, otic, and nasal routes Unit 7��Good Manufacturing Practice for Drugs Chapter 1 Process Validation��General Principles and Practics 1. General considerations for process validation 2. Stage 1——process design 3. Stage 2——process quali.cation 4. Stage 3——continued process veri.cation Chapter 2 Non-Penicillin β-Lactam Drugs: A CGMP Framework for Preventing Cross-Contamination 1. Regulatory framework 2.β-lactam antibiotics 3.β-lactamase inhibitors 4.β-lactam intermediates and derivatives