Preface 1. An Overview of OptimizationOptimization Is Part of Software DevelopmentOptimization Is EffectiveIt's OK to OptimizeA Nanosecond Here, a Nanosecond ThereSummary of Strategies for Optimizing C CodeUse a Better Compiler, Use Your Compiler BetterUse Better AlgorithmsUse Better LibrariesReduce Memory Allocation and CopyingRemove ComputationUse Better Data StructuresIncrease ConcurrencyOptimize Memory ManagementSummary 2. Computer Behavior Affecting OptimizationLies C Believes About ComputersThe Truth About ComputersMemory Is SlowMemory Is Not Accessed in BytesSome Memory Accesses Are Slower than OthersMemory Words Have a Big End and a Little EndMemory Has Finite CapacityInstruction Execution Is SlowMaking Decisions Is Hard for ComputersThere Are Multiple Streams of Program ExecutionCalling into the Operating System Is ExpensiveC Tells Lies TooAll Statements Are Not Equally ExpensiveStatements Are Not Executed in OrderSummary 3. Measure PerformanceThe Optimizing MindsetPerformance Must Be MeasuredOptimizers Are Big Game HuntersThe 90/10 RuleAmdahl's LawPerform ExperimentsKeep a Lab NotebookMeasure Baseline Performance and Set GoalsYou Can Improve Only What You MeasureProfile Program ExecutionTime Long-Running Code'~ Little Learning" About Measuring TimeMeasuring Time with ComputersOvercoming Measurement ObstaclesCreate a Stopwatch ClassTime Hot Functions in a Test HarnessEstimate Code Cost to Find Hot CodeEstimate the Cost of Individual C StatementsEstimate the Cost of LoopsOther Ways to Find Hot SpotsSummary 4. Optimize String Use: A Case StudyWhy Strings Are a ProblemStrings Are Dynamically AllocatedStrings Are ValuesStrings Do a Lot of CopyingFirst Attempt at Optimizing StringsUse Mutating String Operations to Eliminate TemporariesReduce Reallocation by Reserving StorageEliminate Copying of String ArgumentsEliminate Pointer Dereference Using IteratorsEliminate Copying of Returned String ValuesUse Character Arrays Instead of Strings…… 5. Optimize Algorithms 6. Optimize Dynamically Allocated Variables 7. Optimize Hot Statements 8. Use Better Libraries 9. Optimize Searching and Sorting 10. Optimize Data Structures 11. Optimize I/0 12. Optimize Concurrency 13. Optimize Memory Management