chapter 1  introduction　1.1  overview of programming　　1.1.1  what is programming？　　1.1.2  how do we write a program？　1.2  the evolution of programming language　　1.2.1  assembly and machine languages　　1.2.2  early languages　　1.2.3  later-generation languages　　1.2.4  modem languages　1.3  programming methodologies　　1.3.1  structured programming　　1.3.2  object-oriented programming　1.4  object-oriented programming　1.5  c + + programming language　　1.5.1  history of candc++　　1.5.2  learning c++　word tips　exerciseschapter 2  basic facilities　2.1  c++ program structure　2.2  input / output streams　2.3  constant　2.4  functions　　2.4.1  function declarations　　2.4.2  function definitions　　2.4.3  default arguments　　2.4.4  inline functions　　2.4.5  overloading functions　2.5  references　　2.5.1  reference definition　　2.5.2  reference variables as parameters　　2.5.3  references as value-returning　　2.5.4  references as left-hand values　2.6  namespaces　word tips　exerciseschapter 3  classes and objects (ⅰ)　3.1  structures　　3.1.1  defining a structure　　3.1.2  accessing members of structures　　3.1.3  structures with member functions　3.2  data abstraction and classes　　3.2.1   data abstraction　　3.2.2  defining classes　　3.2.3  defining objects　　3.2.4  accessing member functions　　3.2.5  in-class member function definition　　3.2.6  file structure of an abstract data type　3.3  information hiding　3.4  access control　3.5  constructors　　3.5.1  overloading constructors　　3.5.2  constructors with default parameters　3.6  destructors　　3.6.1   definition of destructors　　3.6.2  order of constructor and destructor calls　3.7  encapsulation　3.8  case study: a gradebook class　word tips　exercises chapter 4  classes and objects (ⅱ)　4.1  constant member functions and constant  objects    4.2  this pointers    4.3  static members　    4.3.1  static data members　    4.3.2  static member functions    4.4  free store    4.5  objects as members of classes    4.6  copy members　    4.6.1  definition of copy constructors　    4.6.2  shallow copy and deep copy    4.7  arrays of objects　    4.7.1  initialize an array of objects by using a default constructor　    4.7.2  initialize an array of objects by using constructors with parameters    4.8  friends　    4.8.1  friend functions　    4.8.2  friend classes　4.9  case study : examples of used-defined types　    4.9.1  a better date class　    4.9.2  a gradebook class with objects of the student class　word tips　exerciseschapter 5  operator overloading　5.1  why operator overloading is need　5.2  operator functions　　5.2.1   overloaded operators　　5.2.2  operator functions　5.3  binary and unary operators　　5.3.1  overloading binary operators　　5.3.2  overloading unary operators　5.4  overloading combinatorial operators　5.5  mixed arithmetic of user-defined types　5.6  type conversion of user-defined types　5.7  examples of operator overloading　　5.7.1   a complex number class　　5.7.2  a string class　word tips　exerciseschapter 6  inheritance　6.1  class hierarchies　6.2  derived classes　　6.2.1  declaration of derived classes　　6.2.2  structure of derived classes　6.3  constructors and destructors of derived classes　　6.3.1  constructors of derived classes　　6.3.2  destructors of derived classes　　6.3.3  order of calling class objects　　6.3.4  inheritance and composition　6.4  member functions of derived classes　6.5  access control　　6.5.1  access control in classes　　6.5.2  access to base classes　6.6  multiple inheritance　　6.6.1  declaration of multiple inheritance　　6.6.2  constructors of multiple inheritance　6.7  virtual inheritance　　6.7.1  multiple inheritance ambiguities　　6.7.2  trying to solve inheritance ambiguities　　6.7.3  virtual base classes　　6.7.4  constructing objects of multiple inheritance　 word tips　 exerciseschapter 7  polymorphism and virtual functions　 7.1  polymorphism　　 7.1.1  concept of polymorphism　　 7.1.2  binding　 7.2  virtual functions　　 7.2.1  definition of vitual functions　　 7.2.2  extensibility　　 7.2.3  principle of virtual functions　　 7.2.4  virtual destructors　　7.2.5  function overloading and function overriding　7.3  abstract base classes　7.4  case study: a mini system　word tips　exerciseschapter 8  templates　8.1  template mechanism　8.2  function templates and template functions　　8.2.1  why we use function templates？　　8.2.2  definition of function templates　　8.2.3  function template instantiation　　8.2.4  function template with different parameter types　　8.2.5  function template overloading　8.3  class templates and template classes　　8.3.1  definition of class templates　　8.3.2  class template instantiation　8.4  non-type parameters for templates　8.5  derivation and class templates　8.6  case study : an example of the vector class template　word tips　exercisesreferences