��(d��o)�xPrefaceAcknowledgementsIntroduction1.1 What This Book Is About1.1.1 Why Do Spoken Language Translation?1.1.2 What Are the Basic Problems?1.1.3 What Is It Realistic to Attempt Today?1.1.4 What Have We Achieved?1.2 Overall System Architecture1.3 An Illustrative Example1.4 In Defence of Hand-Coded Grammars1.5 Hybrid Transfer1.5.1 The Need for Grammatical Knowledge1.5.2 The Need for Preferences1.6 Speech Processing1.7 CorporaPart 1 Language Processing and CorporaTranslation Using the Core Language Engine2.1 Introduction: Multi-Engine Translation2.2 Word-to-Word Translation2.3 Quasi Logical Form2.3.1 Introduction2.3.2 Structure of QLF2.3.3 QLF as a Transfer Formalism: Examples 2.3.4 Head-Head Relations in QLF2.4 Unification Grammar and QLFs2.4.1 The CLE Unification Grammar Formalism 2.4.2 Unification Grammar Example: French Noun Phrases2.4.3 Example 2a: Clauses in Swedish2.4.4 Example 2b: Relative Clauses in Swedish 2.5 Orthographic Analysis and the Lexicon2.6 Transfer Rules2.6.1 Pre- and Posttransfer2.7 The QLF-Based Processing Path2.7.1 Linguistic Analysis2.7.2 Transfer and Transfer Preferences2.7.3 Generation2.8 SummaryGrammar Specialisation3.1 Introduction3.2 Explanation-Based Learning for GrammarSpecialisation3.2.1 A Definition of Explanation-Based Learning3.2.2 Explanation-Based Learning on Unification Grammars3.2.3 Category Specialisation3.2.4 Elaborate Cutting-Up Criteria3.3 An LR Parsing Method for Specialised Grammars 3.3.1 Basic LR Parsing3.3.2 Prefix Merging3.3.3 Abstraction3.4 Empirical Results3.4.1 Experimental Setup3.4.2 Discussion of Results3.5 ConclusionsChoosing among Interpretations4.1 Properties and Discriminants4.2 Constituent Pruning4.2.1 Discriminants for Pruning4.2.2 Deciding Which Edges to Prune4.2.3 Probability Estimates for Discriminants4.2.4 Relation to Other Pruning Methods4.3 Choosing among QLF Analyses4.3.1 Analysis Choice: An Example4.3.2 Further Advantages of a Discriminant Scheme .4.3.3 Numerical Metrics4.4 Choosing among Transferred QLFs4.5 Choosing Paths in the ChartThe TreeBanker5.1 Motivation5.2 Representational Issues5.3 Overview of the TreeBanker5.4 The Supervised Training Process5.4.1 Properties and Discriminants in Training5.4.2 Additional Functionality5.5 Training for Transfer Choice5.6 Evaluation and ConclusionsAcquisition of Lexical Entries6. 1 The Lexical Acquisition Tool, LexMake6.2 Acquiring Word-to-Word Transfer Rules6.3 Evaluation and ConclusionsSpelling and Morphology7.1 Introduction7.2 The Description Language7.2.1 Morphophonology7.2.2 Word Formation and Interfacing to Syntax7.3 Compilation7.3.1 Compiling Spelling Patterns7.3.2 Representing Lexical Roots7.3.3 Applying Obligatory Rules7.3.4 Interword Rules7.3.5 Timings7.4 Some Examples7.4.1 Multiple-Letter Spelling Changes7.4.2 Using Features to Control Rule Application7.4.3 Interword Spelling Changes7.5 Debugging the Rules����Part 2 Linguistic CoveragePart 3 Speech Processing