Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 What is AI?
1.2 Approaches to Artificial Intelligence
1.3 Brief History of AI
1.4 Plan of the Book
1.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
I Reactive Machines
2 Stimulus-Response Agents
2.1 Perception and Action
2.2 Representing and Implementing Action Functions
2.3 Additional Readings and Discussion
3 Neural Networks
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Training Single TLUs
3.3 Neural Networks
3.4 Generalization, Accuracy, and Overfitting
3.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
4 Machine Evolution
4.1 Evolutionary Computation
4.2 Genetic Programming
4.3 Additional Readings and Discussion
5 State Machines
5.1 Representing the Environment by Feature Vectors
5.2 Elman Networks
5.3 Iconic Representations
5.4 Blackboard Systems
5.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
6 Robot Vision
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Steering a Van
6.3 Two Stages of Robot Vision
6.4 Image Processing
6.5 Scene Analysis
6.6 Stereo Vision
6.7 Additional Readings and Discussion
II Search in State Spaces
7 Agents that Plan
7.1 Memory Versus Computation
7.2 State-Space Graphs
7.3 Searching Explicit State Spaces
7.4 Feature-Based State Spaces
7.5 Graph Notation 7.6 Additional Readings and Discussion
8 Uninformed Search
8.1 Formulating the State Space
8.2 Components of Implicit State-Space Graphs
8.3 Breadth-First Search
8.4 Depth-First or Bracktracking Search
8.5 Iterative Deepening
8.6 Additional Readings and Discussion
9 Heuristic Search
9.1 Using Evaluation Functions
9.2 A General Graph-Searching Algorithm
9.3 Heuristic Functions and Search Efficiency
9.4 Additional Readings and Discussion
10 Planning, Acting, and Learning
10.1 The Sense/Plan/Act Cycle
10.2 Approximate Search
10.3 Learning Heuristic Functions
10.4 Rewards Instead of Goals
10.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
11 Alternative Search Formulations and Applications
11.1 Assignment Problems
11.2 Constructive Methods
11.3 Heuristic Repair
11.4 Function Optimization
12 Adversarial Search
12.1 Two-Agent Games
12.2 The Minimax Procedure
12.3 The Alpha-Beta Procedure
12.4 The Search Efficiency of the Alpha-Beta Procedure
12.5 Other Important Matters
12.6 Games of Chance
12.7 Learning Evaluation Functions
12.8 Additional Readings and Discussion
III Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
13 The Propositional Calculus
13.1 Using Constraints on Feature Values
13.2 The Language
13.3 Rules of Inference
13.4 Definition of Proof
13.5 Semantics
13.6 Soundness and Completeness
13.7 The PSAT Problem
13.8 Other Important Topics
14 Resolution in The Propositional Calculus
14.1 A New Rule of Inference: Resolution
14.2 Converting Arbitrary wffs to Conjunctions of Clauses
14.3 Resolution Refutations
14.4 Resolution Refutation Search Strategies
14.5 Horn Clauses
15 The Predicate Calculus
15.1 Motivation
15.2 The Language and its Syntax
15.3 Semantics
15.4 Quantification
15.5 Semantics of Quantifiers
15.6 Predicate Calculus as a Language for Representing Knowledge
15.7 Additional Readings and Discussion
16 Resolution in the Predicate Calculus
16.1 Unification
16.2 Predicate-Calculus Resolution
16.3 Completeness and Soundness
16.4 Converting Arbitrary wffs to Clause Form
16.5 Using Resolution to Prove Theorems
16.6 Answer Extraction
16.7 The Equality Predicate
16.8 Additional Readings and Discussion
17 Knowledge-Based Systems
17.1 Confronting the Real World
17.2 Reasoning Using Horn Clauses
17.3 Maintenance in Dynamic Knowledge Bases
17.4 Rule-Based Expert Systems
17.5 Rule Learning
17.6 Additional Readings and Discussion
18 Representing Commonsense Knowledge
18.1 The Commonsense World
18.2 Time
18.3 Knowledge Representation by Networks
18.4 Additional Readings and Discussion
19 Reasoning with Uncertain Information
19.1 Review of Probability Theory
19.2 Probabilistic Inference
19.3 Bayes Networks
19.4 Patterns of Inference in Bayes Networks
19.5 Uncertain Evidence
19.6 D-Seperation
19.7 Probabilistic Inference in Polytrees
19.8 Additional Readings and Discussion
20 Learning and Acting with Bayes Nets
20.1 Learning Bayes Nets
20.2 Probabilistic Inference and Action
20.3 Additional Readings and Discussion
IV Planning Method Based on Logic
21 The Situation Calculus
21.1 Reasoning about States and Actions
21.2 Some Difficulties
21.3 Generating Plans
21.4 Additional Reading and Discussion
22 Planning
22.1 STRIPS Planning Systems
22.2 Plan Spaces and Partial-Order Planning
22.3 Hierarchical Planning
22.4 Learning Plans'
22.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
V Communication and Integration
23 Multiple Agents
23.1 Interacting Agents
23.2 Models of Other Agents
23.3 A Modal Logic of Knowledge
23.4 Additional Readings and Discussion
24 Communication Among Agents
24.1 Speech Acts
24.2 Understanding Language Strings
24.3 Efficient Communication
24.4 Natural Language Processing
24.5 Additional Readings and Discussion
25 Agent Architectures
25.1 Three-Level Architectures
25.2 Goal Arbitration
25.3 The Triple-Tower Architecture
25.4 Bootstrapping
25.5 Additional Readings and Discussion