Part I Exterior Gateway Protocols 3 Chapter 1 Exterior Gateway Protocol 5* The Origins of EGP 5* Operation of EGP 7��EGP Topology Issues 7��EGP Functions 9��EGP Message Formats 18* Shortcomings of EGP 26* Configuring EGP 26��Case Study: An EGP Stub Gateway 27��Case Study: An EGP Core Gateway 31��Case Study: Indirect Neighbors 35��Case Study: Default Routes 38* Troubleshooting EGP 39��Interpreting the Neighbor Table 39��Case Study: Converging at the Speed of Syrup 41* End Notes 43* Looking Ahead 43* Review Questions 44* Configuration Exercises 45* Troubleshooting Exercise 51Chapter 2 Introduction to Border Gateway Protocol 4 55* Classless Interdomain Routing 55��A Summarization Summary 56��Classless Routing 57��Summarization: The Good, the Bad, and the Asymmetric 61��The Internet: Still Hierarchical After All These Years 64��CIDR: Reducing Routing Table Explosion 69��CIDR: Reducing Class B Address Space Depletion 71��Difficulties with CIDR 72* Who Needs BGP? 76��A Single-Homed Autonomous System 78��Multihoming to a Single Autonomous System 80��Multihoming to Multiple Autonomous Systems 84��A Note on ��Load Balancing�� 88��BGP Hazards 88* BGP Basics 90��BGP Message Types 93��The BGP Finite State Machine 95��Path Attributes 98��Administrative Weight 111��AS_SET 112��The BGP Decision Process 114��Route Dampening 116* IBGP and IGP Synchronization 118* Managing Large-Scale BGP Peering 124��Peer Groups 124��Communities 124��Route Reflectors 125��Confederations 131* BGP Message Formats 132��The Open Message 133��The Update Message 134��The Keepalive Message 137��The Notification Message 137* End Notes 138* Looking Ahead 139* Recommended Reading 139* Review Questions 139Chapter 3 Configuring and Troubleshooting Border Gateway Protocol 4 149* Basic BGP Configuration 149��Case Study: Peering BGP Routers 149��Case Study: Injecting IGP Routes into BGP 155��Case Study: Injecting BGP Routes into an IGP 161��Case Study: IBGP without an IGP 167��Case Study: IBGP Over an IGP 174��Case Study: EBGP Multihop 182��Case Study: Aggregate Routes 185* Managing BGP Connections 204* Routing Policies 208��Resetting BGP Connections 209��Case Study: Filtering Routes by NLRI 211��Case Study: Filtering Routes by AS_PATH 219��Case Study: Filtering with Route Maps 224��Case Study: Administrative Weights 226��Case Study: Administrative Distances and Backdoor Routes 234��Case Study: Using the LOCAL_PREF Attribute 241��Case Study: Using the MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute 246��Case Study: Prepending the AS_PATH 252��Case Study: Route Tagging 256��Case Study: Route Dampening 261* Large-Scale BGP 265��Case Study: BGP Peer Groups 265��Case Study: BGP Communities 270��Case Study: Private AS Numbers 284��Case Study: BGP Confederations 287��Case Study: Route Reflectors 300* Looking Ahead 307* Recommended Reading 307* Command Summary 307* Configuration Exercises 312* Troubleshooting Exercises 318Part II Advanced IP Routing Issues 331Chapter 4 Network Address Translation 333* Operation of NAT 333��Basic NAT Concepts 333��NAT and IP Address Conservation 336��NAT and ISP Migration 338��NAT and Multihomed Autonomous Systems 340��Port Address Translation 342��NAT and TCP Load Distribution 343��NAT and Virtual Servers 344* NAT Issues 345��Header Checksums 346��Fragmentation 346��Encryption 346��Security 347��Protocol-Specific Issues 347* Configuring NAT 356��Case Study: Static NAT 356��Case Study: Dynamic NAT 364��Case Study: A Network Merger 369��Case Study: ISP Multihoming with NAT 374��Port Address Translation 379��Case Study: TCP Load Balancing 381��Case Study: Service Distribution 383* Troubleshooting NAT 386* End Note 387* Looking Ahead 388* Command Summary 388* Configuration Exercises 389* Troubleshooting Exercises 392Chapter 5 Introduction to IP Multicast Routing 395* Requirements for IP Multicast 398��Multicast IP Addresses 399��Group Membership Concepts 404��Internet Group Management Protocol(IGMP) 411��Cisco Group Membership Protocol(CGMP) 419* Multicast Routing Issues 427��Multicast Forwarding 428��Multicast Routing 429��Sparse Versus Dense Topologies 431��Implicit Joins Versus Explicit Joins 432��Source-Based Trees Versus Shared Trees 435��Multicast Scoping 437* Operation of the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol(DVMRP) 441��Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance 442��The DVMRP Routing Table 443��DVMRP Packet Forwarding 444��DVMRP Message Formats 445* Operation of Multicast OSPF(MOSPF) 453��MOSPF Basics 454��Inter-Area MOSPF 456��Inter-AS MOSPF 459��MOSPF Extension Formats 460* Operation of Core-Based Trees(CBT) 462��CBT Basics 463��Finding the Core 465��CBT Designated Routers 465��Member and Nonmember Sources 466��CBT Message Formats 468* Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast(PIM) 473* Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast,Dense Mode(PIM-DM) 475��PIM-DM Basics 475��Prune Overrides 481��Unicast Route Changes 484��PIM-DM-Designated Routers 484��PIM Forwarder Election 484* Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast,Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) 487��PIM-SM Basics 488��Finding the Rendezvous Point 489��PIM-SM and Shared Trees 492��Source Registration 496��PIM-SM and Shortest Path Trees 502��PIMv2 Message Formats 507* End Notes 517* Looking Ahead 518* Recommended Reading 518* Command Summary 519* Review Questions 520Chapter 6 Configuring and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing 531* Configuring IP Multicast Routing 531��Case Study: Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Dense Mode(PIM-DM) 533��Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) 542��Case Study: Multicast Load Sharing 568* Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing 576��Using mrinfo 577��Using mtrace and mstat 580* Looking Ahead 584* Configuration Exercises 585* Troubleshooting Exercises 587Chapter 7 Large-Scale IP Multicast Routing 593* Multicast Scoping 593* Case Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast Domains 595* Connecting to DVMRP Networks 598* Inter-AS Multicasting 602��Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP(MBGP) 606��Operation of Multicast Source Discovery Protocol(MSDP) 607��MSDP Message Formats 609* Case Study: Configuring MBGP 614* Case Study: Configuring MSDP 619* Case Study: MSDP Mesh Groups 624* Case Study: Anycast RP 627* Case Study: MSDP Default Peers 633* Command Summary 636* End Notes 637* Looking Ahead 637* Review Questions 638Chapter 8 IP Version 6 643* Design Goals of IPv6 643��Improve Scalability 644��Ease of Configuration 645��Security 645* Current State of IPv6 645��IPv6 Specification(RFCs) 646��Vendor Support 647��Implementations 647* IPv6 Packet Format 649��The IPv6 Address 649��Address Structure 654��IPv6 Header 667* IPv6 Functionality 672��Enabling IPv6 Capability on a Cisco Router 673��ICMPv6 674��Neighbor Discovery 675��Autoconfiguration 685��Routing 690��The Anycast Process 708��Multicast 708��Quality of Service 714* Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 715��Dual Stacks 715��DNS 716��IPv6 Tunneled in IPv4 717��Network Address Translation����Protocol Translation 720* End Notes 720* Looking Ahead 721* Recommended Reading 721* Review Questions 721* Chapter Bibliography 724Chapter 9 Router Management 727* Policies and Procedure Definition 727��Service Level Agreements 728��Change Management 729��Escalation Procedures 730��Updating Policies 730* Simple Network Management Protocol 731��Overview of SNMP 731��CiscoWorks 733��Router Configuration for SNMP 733* RMON 740��Overview of RMON 740��Router Configuration for RMON 741* Logging 744* Syslog 748��Overview of Syslog 748��Router Configuration for Syslog 749* Network Time Protocol 750��Overview of NTP 751��Router Configuration for NTP 751* Accounting 756��IP Accounting 756��NetFlow 757* Configuration Management 765* Fault Management 766* Performance Managemen