目錄 第 1章認知與計算 ............................................................................................ 1 1.1認知 ........................................................................................................1 1.2元認知 ....................................................................................................2 1.3認知計算 .................................................................................................2 1.4腦結構與功能 ..........................................................................................3 1.5三位一體 ...............................................................................................10 1.6腦與認知框架 ........................................................................................11 1.7人類腦計劃 ............................................................................................12 習題 .............................................................................................................13 第 2章方法與技術 ...........................................................................................15 2.1心理學方法 ............................................................................................15 2.1.1反應時法 ....................................................................................15 2. 1.2眼動分析法 .................................................................................15 2. 1.3口語報告分析法 ..........................................................................15 2. 1.4內隱聯想測驗..............................................................................16 2. 1.5計算機模擬法..............................................................................16 2.2電生理學方法 ........................................................................................16 2. 2.1膜片鉗技術 .................................................................................16 2. 2.2細胞記錄法 .................................................................................16 2. 2.3腦損傷研究法..............................................................................17 2.3腦成像 ..................................................................................................17 2.3.1 CT.............................................................................................17 2.3.2 PET...........................................................................................17 2.3.3 SPECT......................................................................................18 2.3.4 MRI...........................................................................................18 2.3.5 fMRI..........................................................................................19 2.3.6 TPM..........................................................................................20 2.3.7 EEG ..........................................................................................20 2.3.8 MEG..........................................................................................22 2.4技術比較 ...............................................................................................22 2.5設計實驗范式 ........................................................................................23 2.6數據處理 ...............................................................................................25 習題 .............................................................................................................27 第 3章神經與信息 ...........................................................................................29 3.1神經元 ..................................................................................................29 3.2神經膠質細胞 ........................................................................................31 3.3神經信息 ...............................................................................................33 3. 3.1神經信息產生..............................................................................33 3. 3.2神經信息編碼..............................................................................34 3. 3.3神經信息傳播..............................................................................35 3. 4神經通路和層級 .....................................................................................38 3.5人工神經 ...............................................................................................40 3. 5.1人工神經元 .................................................................................40 3. 5.2人工神經網絡..............................................................................41 3. 5.3深度學習系統..............................................................................42 3.6微觀與超微觀 ........................................................................................44 3.6.1分子 ...........................................................................................44 3.6.2量子 ...........................................................................................44 習題 .............................................................................................................45 第 4章視覺與計算 ...........................................................................................47 4.1眼睛 ......................................................................................................47 4.2視覺信息 ...............................................................................................47 4. 2.1視覺信息感知..............................................................................47 4. 2.2視覺信息傳遞..............................................................................49 4. 2.3視覺感受機制..............................................................................51 4. 2.4視覺信息編碼..............................................................................54 4.3對象識別 ...............................................................................................56 4.3.1神經機制 ....................................................................................57 4.3.2認知模型 ....................................................................................57 4.3.3眼球運動 ....................................................................................60 4.3.4運動知覺 ....................................................................................60 4.3.5立體視覺 ....................................................................................61 4.3.6顏色視覺 ....................................................................................61 4. 3.7視覺恒常性與腦補 .......................................................................63 4.4視覺理論 ...............................................................................................64 4. 4.1馬爾計算視覺..............................................................................64 4. 4.2格式塔理論 .................................................................................65 4.4.3主動視覺 ....................................................................................66 4.5計算機視覺 ............................................................................................66 4.5.1深度估計 ....................................................................................66 4.5.2行人預測 ....................................................................................68 4.5.3水下視覺 ....................................................................................71 4.6視覺系統比較 ........................................................................................72 習題 .............................................................................................................72 第 5章感知與運動 ...........................................................................................75 5.1感覺與知覺 ............................................................................................75 5.2感受器和編碼 ........................................................................................76 5. 2.1感受器的種類..............................................................................76 5. 2.2感受器的換能作用 .......................................................................76 5. 2.3感覺信息編碼..............................................................................77 5.3聽覺與平衡覺 ........................................................................................79 5. 3.1聲音與聽覺 .................................................................................79 5. 3.2耳朵與聲音感知 ..........................................................................80 5.3.3人工耳蝸 ....................................................................................82 5.3.4聽聲辨位 ....................................................................................83 5.3.5平衡覺 ........................................................................................84 5.4觸覺和痛覺 ............................................................................................85 5.4.1觸痛感知 ....................................................................................86 5.4.2觸覺 ...........................................................................................87 5.4.3痛覺 ...........................................................................................88 5.4.4癢覺 ...........................................................................................88 5.5嗅覺和味覺 ............................................................................................89 5.5.1嗅覺 ...........................................................................................89 5.5.2味覺 ...........................................................................................90 5.6聯覺和直覺 ............................................................................................92 5.6.1聯覺 ...........................................................................................92 5.6.2直覺 ...........................................................................................93 5. 7初級感覺與運動皮層 ..............................................................................93 5.8運動與控制 ............................................................................................94 5.8.1下行傳導通路..............................................................................95 5. 8.2運動層級與控制 ..........................................................................96 習題 .............................................................................................................97 第 6章注意與意識 ...........................................................................................99 6.1注意 ......................................................................................................99 6.2注意與分辨 .......................................................................................... 100 6.3注意網絡 ............................................................................................. 100 6. 4注意的生理機制 ................................................................................... 101 6. 5注意的信息加工 ................................................................................... 102 6. 5.1選擇性注意 ............................................................................... 102 6.5.2注意分配 .................................................................................. 105 6.5.3變化視盲 .................................................................................. 105 6. 5.4外顯型與內隱型注意.................................................................. 106 6. 5.5特征整合理論............................................................................ 107 6.6人工注意網絡 ...................................................................................... 108 6.7睡眠與夢 ............................................................................................. 108 6.8意識與思維 .......................................................................................... 111 習題 ........................................................................................................... 112 第 7章學習與記憶 .........................................................................................113 7.1學習 .................................................................................................... 113 7. 1.1學習認知模型............................................................................ 113 7.1.2赫布理論 .................................................................................. 115 7.1.3遷移學習 .................................................................................. 115 7. 1.4學習形成記憶............................................................................ 116 7.2元學習 ................................................................................................ 117 7.3記憶 .................................................................................................... 119 7.4記憶模型 ............................................................................................. 120 7. 4.1多重存儲記憶模型 ..................................................................... 120 7. 4.2工作記憶模型............................................................................ 121 7. 5記憶的神經基礎 ................................................................................... 122 7. 5.1記憶相關的腦區 ........................................................................ 122 7. 5.2記憶相關的皮層 ........................................................................ 123 7. 5.3海馬與記憶 ............................................................................... 124 7.6記憶轉移 ............................................................................................. 124 7.7遺忘曲線 ............................................................................................. 125 7.8概念與分類 .......................................................................................... 126 7.9知識建構 ............................................................................................. 127 7. 9.1符號網絡模型............................................................................ 128 7. 9.2層次語義網絡模型 ..................................................................... 129 7.9.3原型模型 .................................................................................. 130 7. 9.4激活擴散模型............................................................................ 130 7.10知識表征 ........................................................................................... 131 7. 10.1聯想記憶模型 ........................................................................ 131 7. 10.2知識圖譜............................................................................... 133 7.11貝葉斯大腦 ........................................................................................ 134 習題 ........................................................................................................... 136 第 8章溝通與語言 .........................................................................................137 8.1溝通 .................................................................................................... 137 8. 2人類語言的演化 ................................................................................... 137 8. 3人類語言的獨特性................................................................................ 137 8. 4失語癥與語言中樞................................................................................ 138 8.5語言處理模型 ...................................................................................... 139 8.5.1 Lichtheim模型 ......................................................................... 139 8.5.2 Wernicke-Geschwind模型.......................................................... 140 8.6詞腦 .................................................................................................... 142 8. 7中英語言認知異同................................................................................ 146 8. 8腦電到文字轉譯 ................................................................................... 147 8.9自然語言處理 ...................................................................................... 147 8.10對偶學習 ........................................................................................... 148 習題 ........................................................................................................... 149 第 9章情感與計算 .........................................................................................151 9.1報償與動機 .......................................................................................... 151 9.2成癮 .................................................................................................... 152 9.3人腦經濟學 .......................................................................................... 153 9. 3.1經濟學現象 ............................................................................... 153 9.3.2能量函數 .................................................................................. 155 9.4強化學習 ............................................................................................. 156 9.5理性與情緒 .......................................................................................... 158 9.6情緒腦 ................................................................................................ 160 9.7情感與選擇 .......................................................................................... 161 9.8預測與期望 .......................................................................................... 163 9.9期望*大化 .......................................................................................... 164 9.10對抗網絡 ........................................................................................... 165 9. 11自律與自監督..................................................................................... 166 9.12情感計算 ........................................................................................... 166 習題 ........................................................................................................... 168 第 10章發育與可塑 .......................................................................................169 10.1腦功能發育 ........................................................................................ 169 10. 2腦功能可塑性..................................................................................... 170 10.3腦改進方案 ........................................................................................ 171 10. 4腦區到腦網絡..................................................................................... 173 10. 4.1結構洞與智力 .......................................................................... 174 10. 4.2復雜性臨界點 .......................................................................... 175 10.5腦網絡演化 ........................................................................................ 177 10. 5.1演化動力學 ............................................................................. 177 10. 5.2圖網絡學習 ............................................................................. 179 10.6男女有別 ........................................................................................... 180 10. 7神經架構搜索..................................................................................... 182 習題 ........................................................................................................... 182 第 11章社會與創造 .......................................................................................183 11.1社會認知 ........................................................................................... 183 11.2歸因理論 ........................................................................................... 185 11.3分類與圖式 ........................................................................................ 186 11.4同理心 ............................................................................................... 188 11. 4.1鏡像神經元 ............................................................................. 188 11. 4.2自閉癥情緒圖譜理論 ................................................................ 188 11. 4.3同理心和道德決策 ................................................................... 189 11. 4.4同理心與公平感....................................................................... 190 11.5模仿行為 ........................................................................................... 191 11. 6具身認知與元宇宙 .............................................................................. 192 11.7利他行為 ........................................................................................... 193 11. 8智力與創造力..................................................................................... 194 11. 9人類智力的起源與演化 ....................................................................... 194 11.10弗林效應 .......................................................................................... 195 11. 11社會網絡與大數據 ............................................................................ 196 習題 ........................................................................................................... 198 第 12章人工與系統 .......................................................................................199 12.1人工智能 ........................................................................................... 199 12. 2類腦計算與人工腦 .............................................................................. 199 12.3仿真機器人 ........................................................................................ 201 12.4腦機系統 ........................................................................................... 204 12. 5自主無人系統..................................................................................... 206 12. 6復雜性與奧卡姆剃刀........................................................................... 206 12.7安全和倫理 ........................................................................................ 207 12.7.1可信與安全 ............................................................................. 207 12. 7.2道德與倫理 ............................................................................. 209 習題 ........................................................................................................... 211 參考文獻 ...........................................................................................................213 _x00C_