Chapter 1 Translanguaging, Its Origin and Development 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The origin of translanguaging 1.3 The definition of translanguaging 1.4 The characteristics of translanguaging 1.5 Comparison between code-switching and translanguaging 1.5.1 Code-switching 1.5.2 Similarities between code-switching and translanguaging 1.5.3 Differences between code-switching and translanguaging 1.6 Development of studies on translanguaging 1.7 Other relevant theories 1.8 Summary Chapter 2 Translanguaging and Language Policy 2.1 Language policy 2.2 Ideologies towards language policy 2.3 Summary Chapter 3 Translanguaging and Bi/Multilingual Education 3.1 Development of languages of minority groups 3.2 Identity construction 3.3 Translanguaging in CLIL 3.4 Translanguaging in peer-peer interaction 3.5 Multimodality of translanguaging 3.6 Summary Chapter 4 Studies on Translanguaging in China 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Translanguaging research of foreign language education 4.3 Foreign language learners' identity in translanguaging 4.4 Online translanguaging practices 4.5 Translanguaging and translation training 4.6 Summary Chapter 5 Self-directed Learning for NNES Graduate Students��Translanguaging Practices and Perspectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Related studies 5.3 Theoretical framework 5.4 Method 5.4.1 Participants 5.4.2 Procedures 5.5 Results 5.5.1 Self-management and translanguaging 5.5.2 Motivation and persistence 5.5.3 Self-monitoring and translanguaging 5.5.4 Effective instructional strategies 5.6 Discussion 5.7 Implications and conclusion References