Section �� Academic Communications Unit 1 InternationaI Conferences and Academic Speeches 1.1 International academic conference invitations 1.1.1 Academic conferences on specific themes 1.1.2 Academic conferences on broad themes 1.1.3 Virtual international conferences 1.2 Give fabulous academic speeches 1.2.1 Essentials of academic speech writing 1.2.2 Make extraordinary academic presentations 1.2.3 Deliver impromptu academic speeches Unit 2 Submission to InternationaI Journals 2.1 Call for papers 2.1.1 Example on water resources development 2.1.2 Example on irrigation management in East Asia 2.2 Manuscript submission 2.2.1 Identify a research question 2.2.2 Structure a manuscript 2.2.3 Respond to peer reviewer comments Unit 3 Application for PhD Positions 3.1 Recruitment of PhD candidates 3.1.1 PhD position on resource management 3.1.2 PhD position on hydraulic engineering 3.1.3 PhD position on ecology 3.1.4 Postdoc position on sustainability 3.1.5 Postdoc position on circular economy 3.1.6 Postdoc position on environmental impacts 3.2 Apply for PhD positions 3.2.1 Email etiquette 3.2.2 A professor's suggestion 3.2.3 Application process 3.2.4 Apply successfully for a PhD Section �� Academic Writing Principles Unit 4 Consistency 4.1 Consistency of language 4.1.1 Use appropriate language 4.1.2 Stay formal 4.2 Consistency of styles 4.2.1 Overall essay style 4.2.2 Paragraph styles Unit 5 Clarity 5.1 Achieve clarity 5.1.1 Avoid using vague and unnecessary words 5.1.2 Develop a clear point of view 5.2 Achieve strong argumentation 5.2.1 Strengthen your arguments 5.2.2 Make your writing more emphatic Unit 6 Concision 6.1 Optimize words and phrases 6.1.1 Eliminate unnecessary words 6.1.2 Change inappropriate phrases and avoid common pitfalls 6.2 Write clearer sentences 6.2.1 Sentence restructuring 6.2.2 Sentence improvement Unit 7 Coherence and Cohesion 7.1 Make your writing coherent 7.1.1 Three key questions concerning coherence 7.1.2 Revise for coherence 7.2 Cohesion 7.2.1 Cohesion 7.2.2 Linking devices Unit 8 Completeness 8.1 Logic completeness 8.1.1 Cause and effect 8.1.2 Compare and contrast 8.2 Formal completeness 8.2.1 Show evidence of critical thinking 8.2.2 Develop sentence variety Section �� Academic Writing Processes Unit 9 Plan a Writing Task 9.1 Plan your task 9.1.1 Plan the structure of your paper 9.1.2 Brainstorm ideas and develop an outline 9.2 Improve your writing 9.2.1 The characteristics of good writing 9.2.2 Make the writing more complex Unit 10 The Writing of Introduction 10.1 The Structure of an introduction 10.1.1 The components of an introduction 10.1.2 What should be included in an introduction 10.2 Identify and prioritize research gaps 10.2.1 Identify research gaps 10.2.2 Choose a topic and develop a thesis statement Unit 11 The Writing of Methodology 11.1 Steps and structure 11.1.1 Steps of writing methods section 11.1.2 Structure your methods section 11.2 Grammatical constructions and logic arrangement 11.2.1 Grammatical cOnstructiOns 11.2.2 Indicate the choices and actions Unit12 The Writing of Results 12.1 P1an a results section 12.1.1 Draw an outline 12.1.2 Structure the results 12.2 More cOnsiderations about the results section 12.2.1 Interpret your data 12.2.2 Clarify exactly what your limitations are Unit 13 The Writing of Discussion 13.1 Outlining and organizational strategies 13.1.1 Strategies for discussion development 13.1.2 Strategies for writing a convincing discussion 13.2 The techniques of writing a discussion 13.2.1 Di