Chapter 1 Titles 1

1.1 Grammatical Constructions in Titles 2

1.2 Using Prepositions Properly 5

1.3 Using the Definite Article ��the�� Properly 8

Chapter 2 Abstracts 13

2.1 An Overview of the Abstract Section 14

2.2 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 18

2.3 Verb Tenses in the Abstract Section 23

2.4 Using Non-finite Verbs Properly 24

Chapter 3 Introductions 31

3.1 An Overview of the Introduction Section 32

3.2 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 34

3.3 Verb Tenses in the Introduction Section 37

3.4 Paraphrasing 38

3.5 Synthesizing Sources 39

3.6 Inserting Dependent Clauses 41

Chapter 4 Methods 49

4.1 An Overview of the Methods Section 50

4.2 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 51

4.3 Verb Tenses in the Methods Section 55

4.4 Cohesive Devices 55

Chapter 5 Results 65

5.1 An Overview of the Results Section 66

5.2 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 67

5.3 Verb Tenses in the Results Section 71

5.4 Nominalization 72

5.5 Usages of ��with�� in Academic Writing 73

Chapter 6 Discussions 81

6.1 An Overview of the Discussion Section 82

6.2 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 84

6.3 Verb Tenses in the Discussion Section 88

6.4 Using Hedges 89

Chapter 7 Conclusions and Acknowledgements 99

7.1 An Overview of the Conclusions Section 100

7.2 An Overview of the Acknowledgements Section 102

7.3 Useful Expressions and Sentence Patterns 103

7.4 Sentence Structures 104

References 111

Appendix I Frequently-used Collocations in Geoscience Papers 119

Appendix II Keys to Exercises 143