Preface ZHANG Yuyan, Rosario SANTA GADEA Chapter 1 What Is the Real Middle-Income Trap YAO Zhizhong ��.Introduction ��.Inevitable Decline in Growth ��.The Specious Trap ��.Definition of Middle-Income Trap ��.How Big is the Middle-Income Trap ��.Conclusion References List of Abbreviations Chapter 2 The Middle-Income Trap in Selected Literature An Overview Rosario SANTA GADEA, Leolino DOURADO, Gabriel ARRIETA ��.Introduction ��.Definitions of Middle-Income Countries ��.Approaches to the Middle-Income Trap ��.Main Driving Forces of the Middle-Income Trap ��.Components of a Strategy to Avoid Being Trapped ��.Concluding Remarks References List of Abbreviations Chapter 3 Economic Transition in China and Middle-Income Trap SONG Jin ��.Introduction ��.A Brief Review of Chinese Economy from 1 9 5 0s to Now ��.Literature Review of Economic Transition ��.A Zoom in of the Structural Change and Income Growth Pattern in the Last 20 Years ��.Discussion on Income Distribution and Policy Enlightenment ��.Conclusions References List of Abbreviations Chapter 4 Transition and the Middle-Income Trap in Peru: A Long Term Perspective Since the Late 19 the Century Mar��a Amparo CRUZ SACO, Mirian GIL, Favio LEIVA ��.Introduction ��.Context and Research Questions ��.International Economic Transition: Employment and Output ��.Data and Methodology ��.Conclusions and Recommendations List of Abbreviations Chapter 5 China and the World: The Background and Economic Logic of China's Opening-UP ZHANG Yuyan, FENG Weijiang ��.Introduction ��.Domestic Undercurrent for the Reform and Opening-Up of China ��.Changes in the Outside World ��.The Theoretical Logic of Opening-Up to the Outside World ��.Conclusion References List of Abbreviations Chapter 6 Peru's Opening-Up: Strategies, Impacts and Pending Tasks Carlos PARODI ��.Introduction ��.How Is Economic Openness Defined ��.The Nineties and Commercial and Financial Openness ��.The Mining Boom and the 2 008 Global Financial Crisis: 2 001 -2 01 0 ��.Free Trade Agreements ��.The Slowdown, 2011