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�� Unit 1 International Trade���H�Q�� // 1

1.1 Characteristics of International Trade // 1

1.2 Reasons for International Trade // 2

1.3 Benefits of International Trade // 3

1.4 Difficulties in International Trade // 4

1.5 International Trade Restrictions // 5

1.6 Classification of International Trade // 8

�� Unit 2 International Trade Theory���H�Q����Փ // 15

2.1 Mercantilism // 15

2.2 Adam Smith��s Theory of Absolute Advantage // 16

2.3 David Ricardo��s Theory of Comparative

Advantage // 17

2.4 Heckscher-Ohlin Theory5 (H-O theory) // 17

2.5 The Product Life-cycle theory (PLC) // 18

2.6 The New Trade Theory (NTT) // 19

2.7 National Competitive Advantage Theory:

Porter��s Diamond // 20

2.8 Implication for business // 21

�� Unit 3 Description of Commodities and Their Packing

��Ʒ�����c���b // 27

3.1 Description of Commodities // 27

3.2. Packing of Commodity // 33

�� Unit 4 Terms of Delivery

��؛�l�� // 40

4.1 A Brief Introduction to Incoterms 2010 // 40

�� Unit 5 International Payment���H֧�� // 70

5.1 Payment Instruments of International Trade

// 70

5.2 Payment Modes of International Trade // 72

�� Unit 6 Letter of Credit (I) �����C��һ�� // 82

6.1 Definition of Letter of Credit // 82

6.2 The Major Contents of Letter of Credit // 82

6.3 The Parties of Letter of Credit // 83

6.4 The Procedures of Letter of Credit // 84

6.5 Examination and Amendment of Letter of Credit // 86

6.6 Features of Letter of Credit // 87

6.7 Limitations of Letter of Credit // 87

�� Unit 7 Letter of Credit (II)�����C������ // 92

7.1 Clean Credit and Documentary Credit // 92

7.2 Revocable Credit and Irrevocable Credit // 92

7.3 Confirmed Credit and Unconfirmed Credit // 93

7.4 Sight Credit and Usance Credit // 93

7.5 Transferable Credit and Non-transferable

Credit // 94

7.6 Revolving Credit // 95

7.7 Reciprocal Credit // 95

7.8 Red Clause Credit // 96

7.9 Back to Back Credit // 96

7.10 Standby Credit // 97

�� Unit 8 Business Contract (��)�̄պ�ͬ��һ�� // 102

8.1 Introduction to Business Contract // 102

8.2 Layout of a Business Contract // 103

�� Unit 9 Business Contract (��)�̄պ�ͬ������ // 112

9.1 Negotiation for Business Contract // 112

9.2 Conclusion and Validity of a Business

Contract // 116

9.3 Performance of Business Contract // 116

�� Unit 10 Import and Export Documentation�M���چ��C���� // 123

10.1 Introduction to Import and Export

Documents // 123

10.2 Main Documents in Export and Import / 123

�� Unit 11 International Cargo Transportation���H؛���\ݔ // 134

11.1 Ocean Transport // 134

11.2 Other Modes of Transport // 137

11.3 Clauses of Shipment // 138

�� Unit 12 Insurance���U // 147

12.1 Basic Principles of Cargo Insurance // 147

12.2 Risks, Losses and Expenses in Marine

Cargo Transport // 148

12.3 Insurance of Marine Cargo Transport // 150

12.4 Insurance of Other Cargo Transport // 152

12.5 London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses// 153

12.6 Insurance Practice in International Business// 154

�� Unit 13 Inspection �z� // 161

13.1 Time and Place of Inspection // 161

13.2 Inspection Authority // 162

13.3 Inspection Standard // 163

13.4 Inspection Certificates // 163

13. 5 Inspection Clause in Contract // 164

�� Unit 14 Arbitration �ٲ� // 168

14.1 Disputes and Claims // 168

14.2 Force Majeure // 169

14.3 Arbitration // 170

References�����īI // 177

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