CONTENTS

Section 1?History of full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 1?History of Spinal Full-endoscopy and Relevant Equipment Development 002

Chapter 2?History of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgical Techniques 011

Section 2?Full-endoscopic instruments and tools

Chapter 3?Current Main Available Spinal Full-endoscopic System in Market 028

Chapter 4?Tools Applied in Full-endoscopic Spinal Procedures 042

Section 3?Applied spine anatomy for full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 5?Applied Anatomy of Cervical Spine for Full-endoscopic Surgery 054

Chapter 6?Applied Anatomy of Thoracic Spine for Full-Endoscopic Surgery 062

Chapter 7?Applied Anatomy of Lumbar Spine for Full-endoscopic Surgery 066

Section 4?Fundamentals of full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 8? Anesthesia for Full-endoscopic Spinal Surgery 086

Chapter 9?Operating Room Setup 093

Chapter 10?

Optimizing Case Selections in Starting Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery:

?��The Decision is More Important than the Incision�� 094

Section 5?Full-endoscopic cervical spine surgery

Chapter 11?Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Neck Pain 112

Chapter 12?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy 116

Chapter 13?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Cervical Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 124

Chapter 14?Full-endoscopic Cervical Medial Branch Neurotomy 127

Chapter 15?Full-endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy with/without Discectomy through Posterior Approach 135

Chapter 16?Full-endoscopic Cervical Discectomy through Anterior Approach 142

Chapter 17?

Full-endoscopic Cervical Ventral Decompression through

?Anterior Approach for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 151

Chapter 18?

Full-endoscopic Cervical Ventral Decompression through Posterior Approach for

?Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 160

Chapter 19?

Full-endoscopic Uniportal Odontoidectomy and Decompression of the Anterior

?Cervicomedullary Junction Using the Retropharyngeal Approach 165

Chapter 20?Full-endoscopic Bilateral Cervical Arcocristectomy through Unilateral Interlaminar Approach 171

Section 6?Full-endoscopic thoracic spine surgery

Chapter 21?Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Induced Upper or Mid Back Pain 182

Chapter 22?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Surgery for Thoracic Disc Herniation 188

Chapter 23?

Strategy for Full-endoscopic Decompression for the Treatment of Thoracic Ossification of

?Ligamentum Flavum 198

Chapter 24��

Full-endoscopic Thoracic Dorsal Ramus Neurotomy for Chronic Thoracic Zygapophyseal

?Joint Pain 207

Chapter 25��Full-endoscopic Transforaminal Thoracic Discectomy 212

Chapter 26��Full-endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy through Transthoracic Retropleural Approach 219

Chapter 27��

Full-endoscopic Resection of Upper Thoracic Local Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

?Through Anterior Transcorporeal Approach 226

Chapter 28��

Full-endoscopic Resection of Bilateral Thoracic Ossified Ligamentum Flavum Through

?Unilateral Interlaminar Approach 232

Section 7��Full-endoscopic lumbar spine surgery

Chapter 29��Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Low Back Pain 242

Chapter 30��Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Lumbar Disc Herniation 249

Chapter 31��Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Lumbar Spine Stenosis 270

Chapter 32��Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Discogenic Low Back Pain 279

Chapter 33��Selective Endoscopic Discectomy (SEDTM) Through Posterolateral Approach 297

Chapter 34��Full-endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy Through the Far Lateral Approach 303

Chapter 35��

Percutaneous TESSYS Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

?through Transforaminal Approach 308

Chapter 36��

Percutaneous LiESS Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through

?Transforaminal Approach 321

Chapter 37��

Percutaneous ZESSYSTM Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through

?Transforaminal Approach 345

Chapter 38��Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Transpedicular Approach 350

Chapter 39��Percutaneous Isthmus Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy 360

Chapter 40��

Percutaneous Penetration and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Interlaminar

?Approach 369

Chapter 41?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Interlaminar Approach 376

Chapter 42?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Decompression Through Transforaminal Approach 381

Chapter 43?Full-endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression 387

Chapter 44?The State of the Art and Progress of Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion 393

Chapter 45?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion Through Transforaminal Approach 400

Chapter 46?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion Through Interlaminar Approach 420

Chapter 47?Full-endoscopic Neurotomy of Dorsal Ramus of Lumbosacral Spinal Nerve 439

Chapter 48?Full-endoscopic Resection of Facet Cysts 449

Chapter 49?Full-endoscopic Resection of Osteoid Osteoma in Lumbar Spine 453

Chapter 50?Full-endoscopic Resection of Lumbar Epidural Schwannomas in Intervertebral Foramen 457

Section 8?Complications of full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 51?Complications of Full-endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery 464

Chapter 52?Complications of Full-endoscopic Thoracic Spine Surgery 470

Chapter 53?Complications of Full-endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery 477

Section 9?New technologies helping the development of full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 54?3D Printing Technology 486

Chapter 55?O-Arm-Based Navigation in Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery 491

Chapter 56?Robot and Intelligent Operating Room 496

Chapter 57?Stem Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering 504

Chapter 58?Annular Repair Techniques 514

Section 10?Training of full-endoscopic spine surgery

Chapter 59?Training venues and standards 534

Chapter 60?Training Implementation and Assessment of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery 538