Brief Contents
PART ONE GENES��CHROMOSOMES��ANDHEREDITY
1 Introduction to Genetics 1
2 Mitosis and Meiosis 18
3 Mendelian Genetics 42
4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics 70
5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 105
6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 143
7 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes 173
8 Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Chromosome Number and Arrangement 198
9 Extranuclear Inheritance 227
PART TWO DNA:STRUCTURE��REPLICATION��AND VARIATION
10 DNA Structure and Analysis 245
11 DNA Replication and Recombination 278
12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes 302
13 Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning 322
PART THREE GENE EXPRESSION��REGULATION��AND DEVELOPMENT
14 The Genetic Code and Transcription 352
15 Translation and Proteins 381
16 Gene Mutation and DNA Repair 410
17 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 435
18 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 457
19 Developmental Genetics of Model Organisms 484
20 Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 511
PART FOUR GENOMICS
21 Genomics�� Bioinformatics�� and Proteomics 531
22 Genome Dynamics: Transposons�� Immunogenetics�� and Eukaryotic Viruses 574
23 Genomic Analysis��Dissection of Gene Function 605
24 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 633
PART FIVE GENETICS OF ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
25 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits 668
26 Genetics and Behavior 688
27 Population Genetics 710
28 Evolutionary Genetics 737
29 Conservation Genetics 762
Appendix A Glossary A-1
Appendix B Answers to Selected Problems A-18
Appendix C Selected Readings A-57
Credits C-1
Index I-1
Contents
Preface
PART ONE GENES��CHROMOSOMES��AND HEREDITY
1 Introduction to Genetics 1
1.1 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century 2
Mendel��s Work on Transmission of Traits 2
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis 3
Genetic Variation 4
The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein? 5
1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics 5
The Structure of DNA and RNA 5
Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype 5
Proteins and Biological Function 6
Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle-Cell Anemia 7
1.3 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of Cloning 8
1.4 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding 8
Plants�� Animals�� and the Food Supply 9
Who Owns Transgenic Organisms? 9
Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine 10
1.5 Genomics�� Proteomics�� and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields 10
1.6 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms 12
The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms 12
Model Organisms and Human Diseases 13
1.7 We Live in the Age of Genetics 14
The Nobel Prize and Genetics 14
Genetics and Society 15
GENETICS�� TECHNOLOGY�� AND SOCIET Y
Genetics and Society: The Application and Impact of Science and Technology 15
EXPLORING GENOMICS
Internet Resources for Learning about the Genomes of Model Organisms 16
Chapter Summary 17
Problems and Discussion Questions 17
2 Mitosis and Meiosis 18
2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function 19
2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms 21
2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells 23
Interphase and the Cell Cycle 24
Prophase 24
Prometaphase and Metaphase 25
Anaphase 25
Telophase 26
Cell-Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints 27
2.4 Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores 28
An Overview of Meiosis 28
The First Meiotic Division: Prophase I 28
Metaphase�� Anaphase�� and Telophase I 31
The Second Meiotic Division 31
2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis 31
2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to the Successful Sexual Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms 32
2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes 34
The Synaptonemal Complex 36
GENETICS�� TECHNOLOGY�� AND SOCIET Y
Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing 37
EXPLORING GENOMICS
PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature 38
Chapter Summary 38
Insights and Solutions 39
Problems and Discussion Questions 40
Extra-Spicy Problems 41
3 Mendelian Genetics 42
3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance 43
3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation 43
Mendel��s First Three Postulates 45
Modern Genetic Terminology 45
Mendel��s Analytical Approach 45
Punnett Squares 46
The Testcross: One Character 46
3.3 Mendel��s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F2 Ratio 47
Mendel��s Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment 47
How Mendel��s Peas Become Wrinkled: A Molecular