CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
SECTION 1 A BRIEF HISTORY 1
SECTION 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROMOTE MEDICINE TO THE MOLECULAR LEVEL 11
CHAPTER 2 THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF GENES 16
SECTION 1 THE NATURE OF GENETIC MATERIAL 16
SECTION 2 STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 21
SECTION 3 NUCLEOSOME AND CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY 27
SECTION 4 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 35
CHAPTER 3 NATURE AND FUNCTION OF GENES 42
SECTION 1 THE NATURE OF GENES 42
SECTION 2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 43
SECTION 3 OVERVIEW OF GENE EXPRESSION 49
SECTION 4 REPLICATION 57
SECTION 5 MUTATIONS 58
CHAPTER 4 DNA REPLICATION OF PROKARYOTES 62
SECTION 1 GENERAL FEATURES OF PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION 62
SECTION 2 ENZYMOLOGY OF PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION 69
SECTION 3 DETAILED PROCEDURES OF PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION 79
CHAPTER 5 DNA REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTES 92
SECTION 1 FEATURES OF EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION SYSTEM 92
SECTION 2 DETAILED PROCEDURES OF EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION 103
SECTION 3 TELOMERES AND CANCER 109
CHAPTER 6 DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR 111
SECTION 1 POLYMORPHISM AND MUTATION OF GENETIC MATERIALS 111
SECTION 2 DNA DAMAGE 112
SECTION 3 DNA REPAIR 115
SECTION 4 OUTCOME OF FAILURE TO REPAIR THE DAMAGED DNA 125
CHAPTER 7 TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES 130
SECTION 1 COMPONENTS OF THE PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM 130
SECTION 2 PROCESS OF THE PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION 133
CHAPTER 8 REGULATION OF PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION 142
SECTION 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON PROTEIN–DNA INTERACTION 142
SECTION 2 OPERONS: FINE CONTROL OF BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION 143
CHAPTER 9 TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 164
SECTION 1 THE EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM 164
SECTION 2 PROCESS OF THE EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION 179
CHAPTER 10 REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES 193
SECTION 1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATORS: DEFINITION�� CATEGORIES AND MECHANISMS 193
SECTION 2 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS 212
SECTION 3 CHROMATIN REMODELING AND TRANSCRIPTION 213
SECTION 4 REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 223
SECTION 5 TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS AND COREPRESSORS 224
SECTION 6 SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION 230
CHAPTER 11 POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS AND REGULATION 238
SECTION 1 RNA SPLICING 238
SECTION 2 CAPPING AND POLYADENYLATION 250
SECTION 3 OTHER POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS OF MRNA REGULATION 260
SECTION 4 PROCESSING EVENTS OF OTHER RNAS 269
CHAPTER 12 TRANSLATION 276
SECTION 1 THE CELLULAR APARATUS FOR TRANSLATION 276
SECTION 2 INITIATION OF TRANSLATION 291
SECTION 3 ELONGATION AND TERMINATION OF TRANSLATION 306
CHAPTER 13 POST-TRANSLATIONAL EVENTS 323
SECTION 1 POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING AND PROTEIN TRAFFICKING 323
SECTION 2 SITE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS 329
SECTION 3 PROTEIN DEGRADATION 336
CHAPTER 14 DNA RECOMBINATION�� TRANSPOSITION & EDITING 341
SECTION 1 THE HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION 342
SECTION 2 TRANSPOSITION 348
SECTION 3 GENE EDITING 358
CHAPTER 15 ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES 362
SECTION 1 ONCOGENES 362
SECTION 2 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES 372
SECTION 3 COLLABORATIONS OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES IN TUMORIGENESIS 381
CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR CLONING METHODS 384
SECTION 1 GENE CLONING 384
SECTION 2 THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 396
SECTION 3 EXPRESSING CLONED GENES 398
CHAPTER 17 METHODS FOR STUDYING GENE FUNCTION 403
SECTION 1 MOLECULAR SEPARATIONS 403
SECTION 2 MOLECULAR TOOLS FOR IDENTIFYING GENES 408
SECTION 3 ASSAYING GENE AND GENE PRODUCT INTERACTIONS 422
SECTION 4 ANALYZING GENE FUNCTION IN THE ORGANISM 429
CHAPTER 18 IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE-RELATED GENES 434
SECTION 1 A ROUTE MAP FOR IDENTIFYING DISEASE GENES 434
SECTION 2 CHROMOSOMAL POSITIONAL CLONING OF DISEASE GENES 434
SECTION 3 CLONING DISEASE GENES INDEPENDENTLY OF THEIR CHROMOSOMAL POSITION 443
SECTION 4 MODELS FOR CLONING DISEASE-RELATED GENES 446
SECTION 5 FUNCTIONAL VALIDATION OF DISEASE GENES 446
CHAPTER 19 GENE DIAGNOSIS 448
SECTION 1 THE CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GENE DIAGNOSIS 448
SECTION 2 THE BASIC TECHNIQUES IN GENE DIAGNOSIS 449
SECTION 3 THE MEDICAL APPLICATION OF GENE DIAGNOSIS 454
CHAPTER 20 GENE THERAPY 459
SECTION 1 STRATEGIES OF GENE THERAPY 459
SECTION 2 PROCEDURES FOR GENE THERAPY 460
SECTION 3 CLINICAL PRACTICE OF GENE THERAPY 477
CHAPTER 21 GENOMICS AND POST-GENOMICS 484
SECTION 1 TECHNIQUES IN GENOMIC SEQUENCING 484
SECTION 2 STUDYING AND COMPARING GENOMIC SEQUENCES 491
SECTION 3 TRANSCRIPTOMICS 497
SECTION 4 PROTEOMICS 503
SECTION 5 OTHER MOLECULAR OMICS STUDY 511
SECTION 6 BIOINFORMATICS 512
INDEX 517