Contents


1
Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Electrical Engineering 2
1.2 Circuits, Currents, and Voltages 5
1.3 Power and Energy 11
1.4 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 14
1.5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 17
1.6 Introduction to Circuit Elements 20
1.7 Introduction to Circuits 27
Summary 30
Problems 31
Practice Test 38

2
Resistive Circuits 40
2.1 Resistances in Series and Parallel 41
2.2 Network Analysis by Using Series and Parallel Equivalents 44
2.3 Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits 48
2.4 Node-Voltage Analysis 51
2.5 Th¨|venin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits 61
2.6 Superposition Principle 72
2.7 Wheatstone Bridge 75
Summary 77
Problems 78
Practice Test 88

3
Inductance and Capacitance 91
3.1 Capacitance 92
3.2 Capacitances in Series and Parallel 99
3.3 Physical Characteristics of
Capacitors 101
3.4 Inductance 105
3.5 Inductances in Series and Parallel 109
3.6 Practical Inductors 111
3.7 Mutual Inductance 112
Summary 114
Problems 114
Practice Test 121
4
Transients 122
4.1 First-Order RC Circuits 123
4.2 DC Steady State 128
4.3 RL Circuits 129
4.4 RC and RL Circuits with General Sources 133
Summary 140
Problems 140
Practice Test 146

5
Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis 147
5.1 Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages 148
5.2 Phasors 153
5.3 Complex Impedances 158
5.4 Circuit Analysis with Phasors and Complex Impedances 162
5.5 Power in AC Circuits 166
5.6 Th¨|venin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits 177
5.7 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 182
Summary 192
Problems 193
Practice Test 202

6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots,
and Resonance 203
6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, and Transfer Functions 204
6.2 First-Order Lowpass Filters 211
6.3 Decibels, the Cascade Connection,
and Logarithmic Frequency Scales 215
6.4 Bode Plots 220
6.5 First-Order Highpass Filters 222
6.6 Series Resonance 225
6.7 Parallel Resonance 230
Summary 232
Problems 233
Practice Test 240
7
Logic Circuits 242
7.1 Basic Logic Circuit Concepts 243
7.2 Representation of Numerical Data in Binary Form 245
7.3 Combinatorial Logic Circuits 252
7.4 Synthesis of Logic Circuits 259
7.5 Minimization of Logic Circuits 265
7.6 Sequential Logic Circuits 269
Summary 278
Problems 279
Practice Test 285

8
Diodes 287
8.1 Basic Diode Concepts 288
8.2 Load-Line Analysis of Diode
Circuits 291
8.3 Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator
Circuits 293
8.4 Ideal-Diode Model 296
8.5 Piecewise-Linear Diode Models 298
8.6 Rectifier Circuits 301
8.7 Wave-Shaping Circuits 305
8.8 Linear Small-Signal Equivalent
Circuits 309
Summary 314
Problems 314
Practice Test 323

9
Amplifiers: Specifications and
External Characteristics 325
9.1 Basic Amplifier Concepts 326
9.2 Cascaded Amplifiers 330
9.3 Power Supplies and Efficiency 332
9.4 Additional Amplifier Models 335
9.5 Importance of Amplifier Impedances
in Various Applications 338
9.6 Ideal Amplifiers 340
9.7 Frequency Response 342
9.8 Linear Waveform Distortion 345
9.9 Pulse Response 349
9.10 Transfer Characteristic and
Nonlinear Distortion 351
9.11 Differential Amplifiers 354
9.12 Offset Voltage, Bias Current, and
Offset Current 357
Summary 361
Problems 362
Practice Test 371

10
Field-Effect Transistors 372
10.1 NMOS and PMOS Transistors 373
10.2 Load-Line Analysis of a Simple
NMOS Amplifier 379
10.3 Bias Circuits 382
10.4 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 385
10.5 Common-Source Amplifiers 389
10.6 Source Followers 392
10.7 CMOS Logic Gates 396
Summary 401
Problems 401
Practice Test 407

11
Bipolar Junction Transistors 408
11.1 Current and Voltage Relationships 409
11.2 Common-Emitter Characteristics 411
11.3 Load-Line Analysis of a Common-Emitter Amplifier 413
11.4 pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors 418
11.5 Large-Signal DC Circuit Models 420
11.6 Large-Signal DC Analysis of BJT Circuits 422
11.7 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 428
11.8 Common-Emitter Amplifiers 431
11.9 Emitter Followers 436
Summary 440
Problems 441
Practice Test 447

12
Operational Amplifiers 449
12.1 Ideal Operational Amplifiers 450
12.2 Inverting Amplifiers 451
12.3 Noninverting Amplifiers 457
12.4 Nonlinear Limitations 460
12.5 Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers 464
12.6 Integrators and Differentiators 466
12.7 Active Filters 468
Summary 472
Problems 473
Practice Test 479


13
Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 481
13.1 Magnetic Fields 482
13.2 Magnetic Circuits 489
13.3 Inductance and Mutual Inductance 494
13.4 Magnetic Materials 498
13.5 Ideal Transformers 500
13.6 Real Transformers 507
Summary 511
Problems 511
Practice Test 519

14
AC Machines 520
14.1 Three-Phase Induction Motors 521
14.2 Equivalent-Circuit and Performance Calculations for Induction Motors 528
14.3 Synchronous Machines 536
14.4 Single-Phase Motors 546
14.5 Stepper Motors and Brushless DC Motors 549
Summary 550
Problems 551
Practice Test 556

APPENDICES
A
Complex Numbers 557
Summary 563
Problems 563

B
Nominal Values and the
Color Code for Resistors 565

C
The Fundamentals
of Engineering Examination 567

D
Answers for the Practice Tests 568