Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 2
1.3 Hardware and Software 4
1.4 Data Hierarchy 6
1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 7
1.6 C 8
1.7 Programming Languages 9
1.8 Introduction to Object Technology 10
1.9 Typical C Development Environment 13
1.10 Test-Driving a C Application 15
1.11 Operating Systems 20
1.12 The Internet and World Wide Web 22
1.13 Some Key Software Development Terminology 23
1.14 C 11 and the Open Source Boost Libraries 25
1.15 Keeping Up to Date with Information Technologies 25
1.16 Web Resources 26
Chapter 2 Introduction to C Programming; Input/Output and Operators 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 First Program in C : Printing a Line of Text 32
2.3 Modifying Our First C Program 35
2.4 Another C Program: Adding Integers 36
2.5 Memory Concepts 39
2.6 Arithmetic 40
2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 43
2.8 Wrap-Up 47
Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function 56
3.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 58
3.4 Data Members, set Member Functions and get Member Functions 61
3.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors 66
3.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 69
3.7 Separating Interface from Implementation 72
3.8 Validating Data with set Functions 76
3.9 Wrap-Up 80
Chapter 4 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, and - - Operators 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Algorithms 88
4.3 Pseudocode 88
4.4 Control Structures 89
4.5 if Selection Statement 92
4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 93
4.7 while Repetition Statement 97
4.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 98
4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 103
4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 111
4.11 Assignment Operators 116
4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 116
4.13 Wrap-Up 118
Chapter 5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 132
5.3 for Repetition Statement 133
5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 136
5.5 do…while Repetition Statement 140
5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 141
5.7 break and continue Statements 148
5.8 Logical Operators 150
5.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 153
5.10 Structured Programming Summary 154
5.11 Wrap-Up 158
Chapter 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 167
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Program Components in C 168
6.3 Math Library Functions 169
6.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters 170
6.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion 174
6.6 C Standard Library Headers 176
6.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation 177
6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum 182
6.9 C 11 Random Numbers 185
6.10 Storage Classes and Storage Duration 186
6.11 Scope Rules 189
6.12 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 191
6.13 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists 194
6.14 Inline Functions 195
6.15 References and Reference Parameters 196
6.16 Default Arguments 198
6.17 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 200
6.18 Function Overloading 200
6.19 Function Templates 203
6.20 Recursion 205
6.21 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 208
6.22 Recursion vs. Iteration 210
6.23 Wrap-Up 213
Chapter 7 Class Templates array and vector; Catching Exceptions 232
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 arrays 233
7.3 Declaring arrays 234
7.4 Examples Using arrays 235
7.5 Range-Based for Statement 244
7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an array to Store Grades 246
7.7 Sorting and Searching arrays 251
7.8 Multidimensional arrays 252
7.9 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional array 255
7.10 Introduction to C Standard Library Class Template vector 260
7.11 Wrap-Up 264
Chapter 8 Pointers 279
8.1 Introduction 280
8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 280
8.3 Pointer Operators 281
8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers 283
8.5 Built-In Arrays 287
8.6 Using const with Pointers 289
8.7 sizeof Operator 292
8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 294
8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays 296
8.10 Pointer-Based Strings 299
8.11 Wrap-Up 301
Chapter 9 Classes: A Deeper Look; Throwing Exceptions 316
9.1 Introduction 317
9.2 Time Class Case Study 317
9.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 323
9.4 Access Functions and Utility Functions 324
9.5 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 324
9.6 Destructors 328
9.7 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 329
9.8 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap— Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private
Data Member 331
9.9 Default Memberwise Assignment 334
9.10 const Objects and const Member Functions 335
9.11 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 337
9.12 friend Functions and friend Classes 341
9.13 Using the this Pointer 343
9.14 static Class Members 347
9.15 Wrap-Up 351
Chapter 10 Operator Overloading; Class string 361
10.1 Introduction 362
10.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 362
10.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 365
10.4 Overloading Binary Operators 366
10.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 367
10.6 Overloading Unary Operators 370
10.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix and -- Operators 370
10.8 Case Study: A Date Class 371
10.9 Dynamic Memory Management 375
10.10 Case Study: Array Class 377
10.11 Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions 387
10.12 Converting Between Types 388
10.13 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators 389
10.14 Overloading the Function Call Operator () 391
10.15 Wrap-Up 392
Chapter 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 402
11.1 Introduction 402
11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 403
11.3 Relationship between Base and Derived Classes 405
11.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 422
11.5 public, protected and private Inheritance 424
11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance 425
11.7 Wrap-Up 425
Chapter 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 431
12.1 Introduction 432
12.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 432
12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 433
12.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 443
12.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 444
12.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 445
12.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 456
12.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with
Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 459
12.9 Wrap-Up 462
Chapter 13 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look 468
13.1 Introduction 469
13.2 Streams 469
13.3 Stream Output 472
13.4 Stream Input 473
13.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 476
13.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 477
13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 481
13.8 Stream Error States 488
13.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 490
13.10 Wrap-Up 490
Chapter 14 File Processing 499
14.1 Introduction 499
14.2 Files and Streams 500
14.3 Creating a Sequential File 500
14.4 Reading Data from a Sequential File 504
14.5 Updating Sequential Files 508
14.6 Random-Access Files 508
14.7 Creating