Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the Web 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 2
1.3 Hardware and Software 4
1.4 Data Hierarchy 6
1.5 Programming Languages 7
1.6 The C Programming Language 7
1.7 C Standard Library 9
1.8 C and Other C-Based Languages 9
1.9 Object Technology 10
1.10 Typical C Program Development Environment 12
1.11 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and Mac OS X 14
1.12 Operating Systems 21
1.13 The Internet and World Wide Web 23
1.14 Some Key Software Development Terminology 24
1.15 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies 25
1.16 Web Resources 26
Chapter 2 Introduction to C Programming 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 32
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 36
2.4 Memory Concepts 39
2.5 Arithmetic in C 40
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 43
2.7 Secure C Programming 46
Chapter 3 Structured Program Development in C 58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Algorithms 59
3.3 Pseudocode 59
3.4 Control Structures 59
3.5 The if Selection Statement 61
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 62
3.7 The while Repetition Statement 65
3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: CounterControlled Repetition 66
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2:
Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 67
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3:
Nested Control Statements 72
3.11 Assignment Operators 75
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 76
3.13 Secure C Programming 78
Chapter 4 C Program Control 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Repetition Essentials 96
4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition 96
4.4 for Repetition Statement 98
4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 100
4.6 Examples Using the for Statement 100
4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 103
4.8 do…while Repetition Statement 108
4.9 break and continue Statements 109
4.10 Logical Operators 111
4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 113
4.12 Structured Programming Summary 114
4.13 Secure C Programming 118
Chapter 5 C Functions 132
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Program Modules in C 133
5.3 Math Library Functions 134
5.4 Functions 135
5.5 Function Definitions 135
5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look 139
5.7 Function Call Stack and Stack Frames 141
5.8 Headers 143
5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference 144
5.10 Random Number Generation 145
5.11 Example: A Game of Chance 148
5.12 Storage Classes 151
5.13 Scope Rules 152
5.14 Recursion 155
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 158
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 160
5.17 Secure C Programming 162
Chapter 6 C Arrays 181
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Arrays 182
6.3 Defining Arrays 182
6.4 Array Examples 183
6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 193
6.6 Sorting Arrays 196
6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays 198
6.8 Searching Arrays 202
6.9 Multidimensional Arrays 206
6.10 Variable-Length Arrays 211
6.11 Secure C Programming 213
Chapter 7 C Pointers 230
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 231
7.3 Pointer Operators 232
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 233
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 235
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 241
7.7 sizeof Operator 243
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 245
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays 247
7.10 Arrays of Pointers 250
7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 251
7.12 Pointers to Functions 254
7.13 Secure C Programming 258
Chapter 8 C Characters and Strings 277
8.1 Introduction 278
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 278
8.3 Character-Handling Library 280
8.4 String-Conversion Functions 284
8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 286
8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the StringHandling Library 289
8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 291
8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 292
8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 297
8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library 300
8.11 Secure C Programming 301
Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output 314
9.1 Introduction 314
9.2 Streams 315
9.3 Formatting Output with printf 315
9.4 Printing Integers 315
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 316
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 318
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 318
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 319
9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String 321
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 323
9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf 323
9.12 Secure C Programming 328
Chapter 10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulation and Enumerations 335
10.1 Introduction 336
10.2 Structure Definitions 336
10.3 Initializing Structures 338
10.4 Accessing Structure Members 338
10.5 Using Structures with Functions 340
10.6 typedef 340
10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 341
10.8 Unions 343
10.9 Bitwise Operators 344
10.10 Bit Fields 351
10.11 Enumeration Constants 353
10.12 Secure C Programming 355
Chapter 11 C File Processing 365
11.1 Introduction 365
11.2 Files and Streams 366
11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File 366
11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 370
11.5 Random-Access Files 373
11.6 Creating a Random-Access File 374
11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 375
11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 377
11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program 379
11.10 Secure C Programming 383
Chapter 12 C Data Structures 393
12.1 Introduction 394
12.2 Self-Referential Structures 394
12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 395
12.4 Linked Lists 396
12.5 Stacks 402
12.6 Queues 406
12.7 Trees 411
12.8 Secure C Programming 415
Chapter 13 C Preprocessor 427
13.1 Introduction 427
13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 428
13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 428
13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 429
13.5 Conditional Compilation 430
13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 431
13.7 # and ## Operators 432
13.8 Line Numbers 432
13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants 432
13.10 Assertions 433
13.11 Secure C Programming 433
Chapter 14 Other C Topics 438
14.1 Introduction 438
14.2 Redirecting I/O 438
14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 439
14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 441
14.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 442
14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit 443
14.7 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals 444
14.8 Signal Handling 445
14.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc 447
14.10 Unconditional Branching with goto 447
Chapter 15 C as a Better C; Introducing Object Technology 453
15.1 Introduction 454
15.2 C 454
15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers 454
15.4 C Standard Library 456
15.5 Header Files 457
15.6 Inline Functions 458
15.7 References and Reference Parameters 460
15.8 Empty Parameter Lists 464
15.9 Default Arguments 464
15.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 466
15.11 Function Overloading 467
15.12 Function Templates 469
15.13 Introduction to C Standard Library Class Template vector 471
15.14 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 476
15.15 Wrap-Up 479
Chapter 16 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings