Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction to phonetics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Production of speech 1.2.1 The production of consonants 1.3 The production of vowels Chapter 2 The phoneme 2.1 Segments of sound 2.1.1 Distinctiveness: phonemes and allophones 2.2 Identifying phonemes 2.2.1 The minimal pair test 2.2.2 Contrast in analogous environments 2.2.3 Suspicious pairs 2.2.4 Recapitulation 2.3 Phonological symmetry Chapter 3 Distinctive features 3.1 Why are features needed? 3.2 Jakobsonian features 3.3 The SPE system of distinctive features 3.3.1 Major class features 3.3.2 Cavity features 3.3.3 Tongue body features 3.3.4 Tongue root features 3.3.5 Laryngeal features 3.3.6 Manner features 3.3.7 Prosodic features 3.4 Segment structure redundancy Chapter 4 Phonological representations 4.1 Phonetics and Phonology 4.2 The domain of phonology 66 4.3 Recapitulation: levels of representation 4.4 Phonetic and phonemic transcription 4.5 A guide to phonetic transcription 4.6 Why study Phonology? Chapter 5 Phonological Processes 79 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Assimilation 5.2.1 Direction of assimilation 5.3 Assimilation Processes 5.3.1 Palatalisation 5.3.2 Labialisation 5.3.3 Voice assimilation 5.3.4 Place of articulation assimilation 5.3.5 Manner of articulation assimilation 5.3.6 Nasalisation 5.4 Dissimilation 5.5 Conclusion Chapter 6 Naturalness and strength 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Natural segments, natural classes and natural processes 6.2.1 Phonological strength hierarchies 6.3 Explanations of naturalness 6.3.1 Natural phonology Chapter 7 Interaction between rules 7.1 Introduction to rule formalisation and ordering 7.2 Linear rule ordering 7.3 Abandoning extrinsic ordering 7.4 Conclusion: why ordering matters Chapter 8 The abstractness of underlying representations 8.1 Abstractness 8.2 Concrete phonology? 8.3 Absolute neutralisation 8.4 Conclusion Chapter 9 The syllable 9.1 The syllable Is3 9.2 The representation of syllable structure 9.3 The CV-tier 9.3.1 A generative CV-phono logy model of syllable structure 9.3.2 Syllabification 9.4 Functions of the syllable 9.4.1 The syllable as the basic phonotactic unit 9.4.2 The syllable as the domain of Phonological rules 9.4.3 The syllable and the structure of complex segments 9.4.4 Compensatory lengthening 9.4.5 The syllable as indispensable building block for higher phonological domains 9.5 Syllable weight 9.6 Abstract segments 9.7 Extrasyllabicity 9.8 Summary Chapter 10 Multi-tiered phonology 10.1 Introduction to tone languages 10.2 The nature of phonological representations 10.3 The representation of tone 10.3.1 Contour tones 10.3.2 Tone stability 10.3.3 Melody levels 10.4 The autosegmental model and the representation of tone 10.5 Tone and Intonation 10.6 Pitch-accent 10.7 Vowel harmony 10.8 Nasalisation 10.9 Morphemic tier Chapter 11 Stress and intonation 11.1 Introduction: stress 11.1.1 What is stress? 11.1.2 Metrical phonology 11.1.3 Metrical trees and grids 11.1.4 Extrametricalty 11.1.5 Quantity sensitivity 11.1.6 English stress 11.2 Intonation 11.2.1 The form of English intonation 11.2.2 Accentuation function 11.2.3 Intonation and illocutionary force 11.2.4 The grammatical function of intonation 11.2.5 Attitudinal functions 11.2.6 Discourse function Chapter 12 Phonology in the wider context 12.1 The role of the lexicon 12.2 Lexical phonology 12.21 Level I of lexical phonology 12.2.2 Level 2 of lexical phonology 12.2.3 The elsewhere condition 12.2.4 The order of affixes 12.2.5 Post-lexical rules 12.2.6 Summary 12.3 Prosodic domains 12.3.1 Prosodic domains and French Maison 12.4 Conclusion Bibliography Suggested answers to exercises Language index Subject index